eChapters

In many situations, experiments may not known in advance which contrasts they wish to compare, or they may be interested in more than (m – 1) possible comparisons.  In many exploratory experiments, the comparisons of interest are fixed only after preliminary examinations of the data.
 
13.1 Scheffe’s Method for Comparing All Contrasts

Scheffe (1953) has proposed a method for comparing any all possible contrasts between treatment means.  In the Scheffe method, the type I error is at most a for any of the possible comparisons.

Bipolar plates (BPPs) are essential components of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, performing functions related to gas distribution, current collection, thermal management, water management, and cell separation. This chapter examines conventional and advanced materials used for BPPs, with particular emphasis on nanoparticle-enhanced composite systems. The incorporation of nanoparticles can improve electrical and thermal conductivity while reducing weight and supporting environmental sustainability. Materials, synthesis and fabrication techniques, and additive manufacturing approaches are discussed. The chapter also considers cost and scalability because these factors influence the wider commercialization of fuel-cell technologies. Nanoparticle-reinforced composites are presented as promising lightweight alternatives for sustainable energy applications.

Natural-fibre-reinforced green composites represent an important alternative to conventional synthetic-fibre composites. This chapter examines renewable fibres such as hemp, jute, flax, and sisal and their integration with bio-based polymer matrices. The discussion covers material composition, processing methods, environmental considerations, sustainability, applications, advantages, limitations, and current research developments. Natural fibres offer low density, renewability, biodegradability, and cost advantages, although hydrophilicity, variability, and processing limitations can affect composite performance. Surface treatments and appropriate fabrication methods are therefore important for improving mechanical, thermal, and durability characteristics. Applications in automotive, construction, packaging, and biomedical sectors demonstrate the growing potential of these sustainable composite materials.

ABSTRACT

The law of intellectual property has assumed utmost importance the World over, in the recent past and it is being considered as one of the most important subjects of law in view of its implications on economic, social and cultural realms. The term “intellectual property” has come to be internationally recognized as covering, patents, industrial designs, copyrights, trademarks, know-how and confidential information or trade secrets. This paper presents an overview on nature and scope of these elements of IPR.

1. Introduction

Traditionally, libraries were considered book storage facilities for kings and other prominent members of society. However, the idea of conventional libraries was altered with the advent of ICT.The development of the Internet, the World Wide Web, and information technology (IT) are assisting in increasing f inancing for studies on creating, accessing, and administeringelectronic information resources. As a result, a new era of digital and virtual libraries has emerged. These technological developments have made it possible for a new generation of information professionals to successfully select, organize, retrieve, and communicate digital content to their target audience (Nazim & Saraf, n.d.). The concept emerged again when computers were connected to tremendous networks to create education and research cantered on creating digital libraries accessible to anybody all over the World. Terms like "virtual library", "electronic library", "library without walls”,and "digital library" have been used to characterize this broad concept (Cleveland, n.d.). Digital Libraries are enormous collections of organized information resources. Elegant “Digital Library” software can enable everyone to perceive, organize, develop, and disseminate new information collection.Libraries have long been seen as safeguards of information, having developed over centuries from private repositories of manuscripts to community centres teeming with activity and education. This evolution has accelerated in the digital age, forcing libraries to negotiate the challenging flows of digital evolution.

Technology spurs Agricultural productivity through various scientific methods and innovations which is evidenced by the success of the Green revolution leading to agricultural development.

The Green Revolution arrived in India in 1968 and had a remarkable impact on the world of agriculture by increasing production yield by 2.5 times, amounting to approximately 2 billion tones, which has been noted as the world’s highest growth rate in the agriculture sector. Because of the science and technologies used in the form of

1. Introduction

The present library system has been designated as a treasure of knowledge in virtual environment. The concept of modern library has been considered as the source of high level-information using web technology, digitization, networking,e-resources and multimedia. The rapid development of modern information and communication technologies and smart usage of computers in library and information system and services has given rise to new generation of libraries. The last two decades have radically transformed the library system with new avenues of information transfer in virtual world. An incredible amount of growth in increasing new interfaces have been developed utilising latest technologies to optimise the delivery of contents and services in the context of web environment. The emerging new vision of library interfaces has involved web technologies, digital collection of texts and images, documents, genealogy of records and other materials of importance for the user community. The major shift of new technology has developed the subscription of e-journals, e-books, and e-databases collection in libraries. Such library interface is compelled to provide equal access to the contents or these collection to all users irrespective of area or locality. Another remarkable trend in library technology field is the emergence of open-source software movement that enabled to transform the automation and digital library interface. Open Source Software efforts such as OAI, Grenstone, DSpace, Koha etc, have drastically transformed the library technology scenario in terms of sophistication and functionality. This article/ chapter is dealt with the state of digital library system with stages of generation of digital libraries and future directions.

Data-centric artificial intelligence has transformed medical imaging, clinical prediction and electronic health-record analysis, but purely data-driven models face limitations involving generalization, bias, privacy and interpretability. This chapter examines the transition toward knowledge-aware and hybrid healthcare systems that combine machine learning with clinical knowledge, ontologies and knowledge graphs. It discusses explainable AI, clinical reasoning and the integration of structured knowledge into intelligent decision support. Applications include acute-care support, precision medicine, genomic oncology and population-health management. Ethical issues, regulatory compliance, fairness and privacy-preserving technologies are also considered. Future directions include quantum computing, large language models, multimodal integration and equity-focused healthcare-system development.

As the heart diseases in companion animals is becoming common as in humans, the research in canine cardiac diseases is one of the most extensive studies in the present scenario. As per the available literature, the overall occurrence of various cardiac abnormalities ranges from 0.37 percent to 1.67 percent in various parts of the country. Whereas, in western parts of the globe, nearly 8 million dogs suffer from heart disease accounting 10% of all dogs in the United States. Heart diseases are common among older dogs; up to 75% of senior dogs have some type of heart condition, and unfortunately, most go undiagnosed due to varied reasons. The recognition of canine cardiac diseases has been delayed, and ignored on account of lack of awareness and knowledge by the owner and inadequate diagnostic facility in our country. Physical examination, radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography are most useful diagnostic procedures employed in diagnosing the cardiac diseases in dogs. However, majority of the acquired cardiac diseases are being managed medically with one or a combination of drugs. Improved diet management and health care of companion animals have led to increased life expectancy, as a result, cardiac diseases have become pivotal causes of death for both dogs and cats. For such reason, a major objective has become to increase the quality of life by reducing the expansion of cardiac diseases via early detection of diseases and provision of effective treatment.

9.1 Introduction Numpy

Numpy: is apython package which stands for “Numerical python”.

This was created in 2005 by Travis Oliphant.

Using numpy we can perform the following functionalities:

1. Mathematical and logical calculation on array.

2. Fourier transforms and routines for shape manipulation.

3. It has built in functions for linear algebra random number generation.

4. Used for scientific calculations.

5. It is faster than python list.

6. It is fast because it is associated with c programming.

NumPy is often called as an alternate for MatLab (a programming platform designed specifically for engineers and scientists for data analysis, developing algorithms, create models and application etc.)

16.1 OOP in python

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming language model which organized object and data.

16.1.1 What is Encapsulation

If same variable is reapet in two different palce then which problem is solved using encapsulation it means one variable is making private otherwise program generate error.

16.1.2 Abstraction

Abstraction in Python is the process of hiding the real implementation of an application from the user and emphasizing only on usage of it. For example, consider you have bought a new electronic gadget. Along with the gadget, you get a user guide, instructing how to use the application, but this user guide has no info regarding the internal working of the gadget.

Another example is, when you use TV remote, you do not know how pressing a key in the remote changes the channel internally on the TV. You just know that pressing + volume key will increase the volume.

Abstract

Omics arise from ome which means complete or totality. It refers to the collection of technologies used to investigate the roles, relationships, and actions of the various types of molecules that make up an organism’s cells. Omics technologies provide the tools required to investigate differences in DNA, RNA, proteins, and other cellular molecules between species and individuals within a species. These technologies comprise, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, ionomics, glycomics, lipomics, cultureomics, pharmacogenomics, metagenomics, foodomics, eigenomics, phenomics, etc. The inclusion of all omics domain is known as multiomics. In this chapter we describe from basic, type structure of omics to all the recent cutting edge technologies in multiomics.

Introduction

E lectronic-resources is an umbrella term which refers to provision of digital instruction courseware over the public Internet, private distance learning networks or in-house via an intranet. E-resources most often means an approach to facilitate and enhance access through the use of devices based on information and communications technologies (ICT) like personal computers, digital television, PDAs (Personal Digital Assistant) and mobile phones. The electronic resources might include notes, PowerPoint presentations, video clips or Internet sites.

Online library resources aim at providing materials, information and services by different types of libraries to the end users. These libraries may be in different jurisdictions, but agree to serve one another on the same basis as each service to its own users through the use of ICT. With the rapid growth of information on veterinary science, there are frequent delays in providing service to the end users when traditional library systems are adopted. The cost of providing service is also rising, mainly because of manual methods and duplication of investments in library holdings. ICT enables the use of the Internet, email, discussion forums, and collaborative software to support students and veterinarians through the use of WANs (Wide Area Networks), and may also be considered where greater flexibility and just-in-time access is desired.

ABSTRACT

There is a tremendous growth in the open educational resources in the recent past and large number of universities and academic organisations are making their resources freely available over the internet which has become a significant source of open educational content. Open education movement are built on the belief that anyone can use, access, reuse and redistribute these educational resources without any constraints. These Open education movements are helping educational community worldwide in making education more accessible and in making it more effective. In this chapter effort has been made to provide an overview of the history and emergence of open educational resources’ movement. This chapter also explains the various characteristics and sources of open educational resources. This chapter will help the libraries and librarians to know about open educational resources initiatives and to incorporate them in their libraries for effective resource delivery and disseminations.

Keywords: ICT, OER, Open educational resources, Digital resources, Digital repositories.

Introduction
 
Library automation in the first giant step towards the use of ICT based products & services in libraries. It brings great revolution and saves tremendous time of users and library staff for collecting and disseminating information. Library automation refers to use of computers, associated peripheral media such as software for automation, magnetic tapes, disks, optical media etc. Library automation makes the provision to provide the 'right information to right reader at the right time in a right form in a right personal way' it is the basic aim of libraries. There are some open source software available e.g. Evergreen, CDS Invenio, Koha, NewGenLib, PMB, PhpMyLibrary, OpenBiblio as well as many commercial software: SOUL, Alice for windows, Netlib, LibSys etc.

2.1 Definition and Concept

An operating system (abbreviated as ‘OS’) is the program that, manages all the other programs in a computer. Every general-purpose computer must have an operating system. It provides support for the loading and execution of other programs which are known as Application Programs.

Introduction
Panch Parivartan, which translates to “Five Transformations,” is an innovative framework that uses information technology (IT) to catalyze a profound and holistic transformation across multiple sectors of society, governance, and the economy. This framework aims to create a sustainable and inclusive model for development by leveraging IT to drive change in key areas, including governance, economic growth, social equity, education, and environmental sustainability. In India’s development, particularly in the drive towards a Viksit Bharat (Developed
India) by 2047, the Panch Parivartan framework outlines a roadmap where IT is the backbone for achieving transformative change. Through the strategic deployment of IT solutions, the framework seeks to address complex challenges, unlock new opportunities, and pave the way for a more equitable, efficient, and sustainable society.

11.1 Introduction

Pandas is an open-source Python Library providing high-performance data manipulation and analysis tool using its powerful data structures. The name Pandas is derived from the word Panel Data - an Econometrics from Multidimensional data.

In 2008, developer Wes McKinney started developing pandas when in need of high performance, flexible tool for analysis of data.

Prior to Pandas, Python was majorly used for data munging and preparation. It had very little contribution towards data analysis. Pandas solved this problem. Using Pandas, we can accomplish five typical steps in the processing and analysis of data, regardless of the origin of data - load, prepare, manipulate, model, and analyze.

Python with Pandas is used in a wide range of fields including academic and commercial domains including finance, economics, Statistics, analytics, etc.

Technology transfer is an important commercial tool for leveraging and optimizing the value of intangible assets in the present era of globalization which has deepen the process of integration of the economic resources including the free movement of goods, merchandise, services, capital and intellectual property rights. This economic integration is facilitated by a legal framework of World Trade Organization (WTO) under various agreements including the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). There are other International Institutions i.e., World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), World Customs Organizations (WCO) and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) to regulate and provide guidance for the protection and enforcement of IPRs. The present global economy is geared and triggered by knowledge and almost 80 % of the global wealth comes from knowledge based intangible assets and helps optimization of the limited global resources. Technology transfer is a tool for leveraging the value of IPRs and also for sharing knowledge around the world. Knowledge is weightless and in today’s era, knowledge is driven by Information and Communication Technology (ICT) which adds to productivity in all aspects of economic life.

The term “Technology transfer” broadly connotes transfer of knowledge from one legal entity to another legal entity within and outside the national territories of the legal owner of the Patent holder at a consideration, known as license fees or technical fees or royalty. This may happen as a part of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or as a part of pure technological collaboration. In other words, Transfer of Technology (TOT) and Technology Commercialization allows the transfer of the technology by a patent holder to a user for further development and exploitation of the technology into new products, processes, applications, material or services. Patent provides an exclusive right to the patentee to exclude others from using an invention without his consent and the technology transfer is the process to include the licensee as the legal user without infringing the rights of the patentee. The exclusive right granted to a patentee is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without his permission. The technology transfer allows the user to use the patented technology with the consent of the patent holder.