eChapters

Introduction

The role of knowledge management as the key source for competitive advantage in our organizations has become a hotly debated topic. Indeed, it is a core competency for creating competitive advantage. In this environment that knowledge management is vital, therefore, at first we should determine knowledge management situation, and then to achieve a desired point, formulate a knowledge management strategy.

Introduction

The libraries of 2020 become multi-media centres of information resources, leaving behind their dull and drab image of repositories of old dusty books materials like micro-films, audio and video cassettes. Various electronic products for use both off line and on line representing the special type of materials need special equipments of different makes for their effective use.

Introduction

The library and information centre is an important component of any educational institution. It is a hub of specific information where the end users can explore the vast resources of information. In the era of old age libraries users had to spend more time for searching a small piece of information and for that had to depend on library professionals. But now we are living in the age of information and communication technology, computers are being used for day-to-day work of library which saves the time of users and avoid the redundancy work of library staff.

Introduction

The past few years have been characterized by changes in every walk of life and libraries are no exceptions. Certainly there have been profound changes in the ways we approach and manage libraries and provide basic library services such as bibliographic control, document delivery, presentation, and physical facilities for reading.  The evolution of traditional interlibrary loan services into a full range of document delivery services, new avenues for document acquisions and delivery from traditional methods to “high tech” with the most efficient pathway defined by the user within desired cost and time parameters have set new standard for library resources and services management.

Introduction

The total area of education is continuously changing where imperative information is exploring constantly.  There is highest need of information and knowledge for best and efficient education and the library plays a vital role in it. The users demand various aspects of information and enhanced quality of information service. Therefore present day’s library has gone from traditional environment to e-environment. We can use e-journals, e-books; CD & DVD etc .Library consortia play a most important role of academic libraries.

ABSTRACT

Mandarin Orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco.), known as ‘Suntala’ to the local populace, is a major cash crop and was once a pride of Darjeeling hills. It is grown in approximately 930 ha with an annual production of 148.224 metric tones and annual turnover of Rs. 25 crores approximately. Since early 1970s, orange orchards in the Darjeeling hills started to be unproductive inflicting huge economic loss showing severe citrus decline. Gradually the malady assumed alarming proportions and threatening the cultivation of the crop. The major causes for the bottleneck of the citrus industry in Darjeeling hills  is  the heavy incidence of insect pests, diseases and nutritional deficiencies.

ABSTRACT

Future is the era of ICT (Information Communication Technology) which is equally applicable in the field of Agriculture. Farmers database will be an important part of ICT which is required for smooth functioning of various agricultural activities like Farmer’s Trainings, Demonstrations, Crop monitoring, Support to farmers, implementation of various government schemes etc.  This software records farmers Name, Phone number, Sex, Category (SC/ST/Gen),  Number of dependents, Annual agricultural income, whether fully or partially dependent, Land holding size,  Major crops, Village, Block, Sub-division, Land situation (Plains/ Low Hills/ Mid Hills/ High Hills), Soil Reaction, Soil type, (Highly Acidic/Moderately /acidic/Neutral/Alkaline/Highly Alkaline), NPK status, Irrigation facility and information regarding Cattle. From the above record various reports can be generated according to the needs of the scientific personnel. For example soil scientist will have record of soil pH & NPK status of different farmers across the district. Scientist can filter the database to get farmers of a particular soil type to conduct training;

ABSTRACT

As population explosion continues and the shortage of extension personnel becomes acute, the wisest proposition is to utilize the latest information and communication technology (ICT) to make information available to the common man. The ICT  tools with their recent advancements have become easily available in various forms such a mobile telephone, PDA, WLL phones, FM radio, community radio, television, wireless internet services, webcams, video conferencing facilities etc. Extension agencies need to harness the ICT tools usefully and improve the quality of extension services.

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Many biological variables do not meet the assumptions of parametric statistical tests as they are not normally distributed, the variances are not homogeneous, or both. Objects in nature commonly exhibit one of three distributions:

6.1. INTRODUCTION

All ecologist and biology researchers have to find out: (i) how reliable are the observed results? and (ii) what is the probability of difference between observed and expected results? The question of reliability is solved by estimating the confidence interval and the second question is addressed by the application of statistical tests for significance. Both these methods help us to draw conclusions on our observations, hence, may be grouped together as ‘inferential statistics’.

Referring back to the chapter on sampling, we may recall that it is usually not possible to calculate the ‘population parameter’ directly. Instead, we have to rely on estimates. Two types of estimates can be used, a point estimate and an interval estimate. A point estimate is a single numerical value of a sample statistic that is used to estimate the corresponding population parameter. For example, the sample mean, x , is used as an estimate of the population mean, μ Point estimates are not used widely because the value of some statistic, say mean, varies from sample to sample and we can’ t conclude with any degree of certainty that a single point estimate equals the population parameter. Therefore, an interval estimate is typically favoured. An interval estimate is a range of values within which the population parameter is likely to lie.

Advancement of both biological sciences and computer technology gave birth today’s one of the hottest area known as bioinformatics. Gradually bioinformatics analysis has become an essential component to the continued improvement and development of any kind of biological research work. It has various applications in medicine, biotechnology, agriculture etc. Some of the applications of bioinformatics related to biological information analysis are as follows [1]
    
·    Information related to bio-molecules can be mapped (e.g.), the sequences can be parsed to find sites where so-called “restriction enzymes” will cut them.
    
·    Sequences can be compared, usually by aligning corresponding segments and looking for matching and mismatching letters in their sequences. Genes or proteins that are sufficiently similar are likely to be related and are therefore said to be “homologous” to each other.
    
·    If a homologous exists then a newly discovered protein may be modeled - that is 3D structure of the gene product can be predicted without doing laboratory experiments.
    
·    Bioinformatics is used to attempt to predict the function of actual gene products.

The success of any crop improvement programme springs mainly from sound and genetically investigations carried out in the fields. However, the moment such biological populations are subjected to field evaluation, some external and non-heritable agencies come into active role. As a result, these agencies or factors mask real differences among the tested populations which stem purely from heritable or genetic factors. Their influence gets confounded with the latter. Consequently authentic data related to genetic differences are not available due to controllable and non-controllable errors. Further, physical data that are assembled in an experiment are often so voluminous and so vast that is perhaps humanly not possible to arrive at meaningful conclusions. Hence, an adequate knowledge of statistical principles and their appropriate use warrant perfection to a point where all possible sources of error can be well accounted for.

Nanotechnology is a field of applied science focused on the design, synthesis, characterization and application of materials and devices on the nanoscale. It is a sub classification of technology in colloidal science, biology, physics, chemistry and other scientific fields and involves the study of phenomena and manipulation of material at the nanoscale. This is involved in the creation of useful materials, devices, and systems used to manipulate matter at an incredibly small scale; between 1 and 100 nanometers. With nanotechnology, a large set of materials with distinct properties (optical, electrical, or magnetic) can be fabricated. Nanotechnologically improved products rely on a change in the physical properties when the feature sizes are shrunk.

Biological sequences like the nucleotide and amino acid sequences can be analyzed by means of the sequence alignment. The objective behind this is to obtain knowledge regarding the similarity between the query and the target sequence to decipher the structure, function, homology of the query sequence.

ANN is a Mathematical model or Computational model based on biological neural networks. It consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons and processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. Neural Networks are non-linear statistical data modeling tools. That can be used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find patterns in data.

Insights into the three-dimensional (3D) structure of a protein are of great assistance when we plan experiments to understand protein function and in assistance of the drug design process.

Homology modeling
    
·    Homology modeling consists of the extrapolation of the structure for a new (target) sequence from the known 3D-structure (X-ray crystallographic or NMR) of related family members (templates).
    
·    Homology modeling is for those targets that have homologous proteins with known structure (>30% identity)
    
·    Homology modeling is for easy targets.
    
·    Homology modeling treats the template in an alignment as a sequence and only sequence homology is used for prediction.
    
·    When the sequence identity between the target and template sequence is low (<25%), homology modeling may not produce a significance result.

In recent years, we have witnessed an explosion of biological information and the bioinformatics data arising from the rapid research and unprecedented progress in molecular biology. The novel genomic technologies have revolutionized the drug designing, discovery and development processes in government as well as private pharmaceutical industries through the use of these technologies. Various databases are doubling in size every year and fortunately we have the complete genome sequences of more than 100 organisms. At present, the pharmaceutical industries have clasped genomics as a source of drug targets. They also distinguish that the field of bioinformatics is crucial for validating these potential drug targets and for determining the ones that are most suitable for entering the drug development pipeline. Due to our increased understanding of molecular biology, there has been a change in the way that medicines are being developed. Once upon a time, new synthetic organic molecules were tested in animals or in whole organ preparations. Now this approach has been replaced with a molecular target in which in-vitro screening of compounds against purified, recombinant proteins or genetically modified cell lines is carried out with a high throughput as a consequence of better and ever improving knowledge of the molecular basis of disease.

This statement signifies that the casualty of people is not due to the earthquake but due to the damage of buildings by earthquake forces. In developed countries, the casualty and loss of property is very minimal in comparison to the death toll and losses in India in the event of earthquakes of same magnitude. It has been experienced in the past that on the event of earthquakes of Richter magnitude scale of 6 or more, the death toll in India is in terms of thousands where as in Western Countries, it is multiple of tens. The less casualty is due to less damage of buildings and other infrastructures which in turn is due to the design and construction of Buildings and other structures as per the earthquake resistant theory. This paper discusses the issues related to the earthquake hazards in India and the concept of earthquake resistant structures.

Mitochondria are key energy generators in most eukaryotic cells. In recent years a number of mitochondrial genomes have been completely sequenced, contributing to the knowledge of molecular features related to function and evolution of this peculiar genome (Boore, 1999). The pathways of mitochondrial DNA evolution are obscured by their extraordinary size. Gene content, gene rearrangement and mode of expression are the characteristics of mitochondrial genomes. The mitochondrial genomes from eukaryotes reveal large size differences between animal, fungal and plant species. The average size of animal mtDNA is ~ 16 kb (Boore, 1999), whereas plant mtDNAs range from 200 to 2500 kb (Palmer, 1990). The size of fungal mtDNA’s range from 19 kb to 176 kb (Hudspeth, 1995).The mtDNA genome has a limited number of protein coding genes such as NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (ND2 to ND5), cytochrome c oxidase (COX), succinate dehydrogenease (SDH), ATP synthase (ATP6), cytochrome (CYTB), etc. Among non-coding genes only rRNA and tRNA genes are found.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of the ribosomes, the protein synthetic factories in the cell. rRNA molecules are extremely abundant. They make up at least 80% of the RNA molecules found in a typical eukaryotic cell. Synthesis of the three nucleolar rRNA molecules is unusual as they are made on one primary transcript that is chopped up into three mature rRNA molecules.

In the context of molecular biology, a consensus sequence is the minimum nucleotide sequence that shows the characteristics common to most members of the family among a set of related genetic sequences.It serves in representing the results of a multiple sequence alignment, where related sequences are compared to each other, and similar functional sequence motifs are found. It also shows conserved/variable residues. It is found several times in the genome and is thought to play the same role in its different locations. For example, many transcription factors recognize particular consensus sequences in the promoters of the genes they regulate. In the same way restriction enzymes usually have palindromic consensus sequences, usually corresponding to the site where they cut the DNA. Transposons act in much the same manner in their identification of target sequences for transposition. Splice sites, i.e. those sequences immediately surrounding the exon-intron boundaries, can also be considered as consensus sequences. Defining a consensus DNA binding site by examining consensus sequences is a key work carried out by biologists (Harley et al., 1994). Rareness or anomaly detection followed by in depth analyses in such sequences may reveal significant information regarding the structural, functional and biochemical mechanisms of the genes which are of much importance to biologists.

Neisseria meningitidis, also simply known as meningococcus, is a gram-negative bacterium best known for its role in meningitis. It only infects humans; there is no animal reservoir. It is the only form of bacterial meningitis known to cause epidemics. The carbohydrate capsule of N. meningitidis determines its virulence and is targeted by the immune system. Approximately 12 strains of N. meningitidis exist and are characterized by the polysaccharide expressed on its capsule: A, B, C, 29-E, H, I, K, L, W-135, X, Y and Z. Inhibition of Pencillin Binding proteins (PBPs) leads to irregularities in cell wall structure such as elongation, lesions, loss of selective permeability and eventual cell death and lysis. 3-D structure of PBP was studied using Bioinformatics tool. Using Homology modelling, converted protein sequence of penicillin binding protein, extracted from NCBI server, in FASTA format and performed PDB-BLAST to search a desired template. Selection of template was based on lower E-value, bit score and identity. Using MSA with the help of CLUSTAL W software conserved region was found between the target and template sequence, 1K25. The 3-D structure of penicillin binding protein was found with the help of Modeller 9v2 and molecular dynamics was performed using GROMACS software. The docking was performed (Autodock 3.0 software) using 3 ligands viz. Cefuroxime, Chloramphenicol, Cefalotoxime with standard Bioinformatics tools.

The coral reef ecosystem is one of the most diverse ecosystems, which is housing for an amazing diversity of organisms and estimation of species richness ranges from 650 000 to over 9 million. For this reason, coral reefs often are referred to as the “rainforests of the ocean”1.Prokaryotes represent overriding life form on the planet and are almost certainly the most diverse component of coral reef communities2. Corals have been known to harbour many different species of bacteria.

The rise in the number of drug-resistant pathogens and the limited success of strategies in providing new agents indicate an uncertain forecast for future antimicrobial therapy. So it is critical that new groups of microbes from unexplored habitats be pursued as sources of novel antibiotics. Marine actinomycetes serve as a logical target given the historical significance of their terrestrial counterparts in antibiotic production. Isolation strategies directed towards new marine-derived actinomycetes have been lacking, but it is clear that such procedures will increase the understanding of marine bacterial diversity and yield many novel marine natural products. Though recent literatures report the isolation of novel class of actinomycetes from marine sediments and sponges, reports on actinomycetes associated with corals are very scanty. Therefore in this study we attempted to characterize the actiomycetes diversity associated with the coral Acropora digitifera from the Gulf of Mannar, Southern coast of India. The antibacterial potential of the isolated actinomycetes was also investigated.

INTRODUCTION
 
Environment and ecological set up is maintained by the climatic conditions, presence and compositions of gases present in them, humidity level, temperature and the pollution. These conditions are responsible for the emerging of diseases in the environment. The diseases in plants, animals and human beings are due to the factors that affect the ecology. This also depends on the organism whether they are susceptible or resistant to the specific disease. This means the genetic level of the organism is an important factor.
Plant pathology or phytopathology is the study of diseases in plants. The disease evolution may be due to the climatic condition, humidity level, temperature and the genetic character of the plant and the pathogen. The parasitic adaptation of microorganisms to be plant pathogens includes acquisition of the following three abilities: 1) ability to enter into a plant, (2) ability to overcome the resistance of the host and (3) ability to evoke disease.

The dream of having genomes completely sequenced is now a reality. The complete sequence of many genomes including the human one is known. However, the understanding of probably half a million human proteins encoded by less than 30’000 genes is still a long way away and the hard work to unravel the complexity of biological systems is yet to come. A new fundamental concept called proteome (PROTEin complement to a genOME) has recently emerged that should drastically help to unravel biochemical and physiological mechanisms of complex multivariate diseases at the functional molecular level. Proteomics involves the systematic study of proteins in order to provide a comprehensive view of the structure, function and regulation of biological systems. Coupled with advances in bioinformatics, this approach to comprehensively describing biological systems will undoubtedly have a major impact on our understanding of the phenotypes of both normal and diseased cells. Initially, proteomics focused on the generation of protein maps using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Introduction

Since the onset of human civilization molluscs have a tremendous impact on Indian tradition and economy. In India, molluscs have been in great demand as ornaments, currency, as popular panacea for illnesses and as mascot for ward off evil spirits in olden days. Now, molluscs have assumedgreater significance in our industrial, technological and aesthetic aspects of life, in addition to edible utility. Several species of gastropods and bivalves are traditionally fished for food and shell from time immemorial. About 80,000 - 1, 00,000 species of molluscs are recorded from the world over and a total of 3271 species are recorded from India. They are represented in 220 families and 591 general and the spectrum comprise of 1900 gastropods,1100 bivalves,210 cephalopods,41 polyplacophores and 20 scaphopods (edible and ornamental) and 14 species of cephalopods are exploited on commercial basis in India(Appukkuttan et al.,1989). It is difficult to categories shells satisfactorily according to their uses as many are collected for several purposes. The main categories are shown in the Table-1.

10.1 Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to develop a data logger and indicator for fire detection in agriculture field. The data logger is designed with the help of Scilab. The system comprises of Ardiuini Nano, light sensor, MQ6, MQ135, IR sensor, temperature sensor, power supply. The system is designed to take sensory data on Scilab with serial communication. Fig.10.1 shows block diagram for a system. Table.10.1 shows the component list required to develop the system.

Telemedicine is a rapidly developing application of clinical medicine wherein medical information is transferred via telephone, the Internet or other networks for the purpose of consulting, and sometimes remote medical procedures or examinations. Telemedicine may be as simple as two health professionals discussing a case over the telephone, or as complex as using satellite technology and video-conferencing equipment to conduct a real-time consultation between medical specialists in two different countries. Telemedicine generally refers to the use of communications and information technologies for the delivery of clinical care.

Care at a distance (also called in absentia care), is an old practice which was often conducted via post; there has been a long and successful history of in absentia health care, which, thanks to modern communication technology, has metamorphosed into what we now know as modern telemedicine.

The terms e-health and tele-health are at times wrongly interchanged with telemedicine. Like the terms “medicine” and “health care”, telemedicine often refers only to the provision of clinical services while the term tele-health can refer to clinical and non-clinical services such as medical education, administration, and research. The term e-health is often, particularly in the UK and Europe, used as an umbrella term that includes tele-health, electronic medical records, and other components of health IT.

A nimal disease monitoring describes the ongoing efforts directed at assessing the health and disease status of a given population. The disease can be a specific infectious disease/diseases or health in general, whereas the monitoring activities are the routine recording, analyses and distribution of information related to the disease (or health). The term disease surveillance is used to describe a more active system and implies that some form of directed action will be taken if the data indicates a disease level above a certain threshold.

In today’s click-and-access kind of world, Information Technology is finding applications in every field and animal disease monitoring & surveillance is no exception. The various technologies which are applied are Geographic Information Systems, Global Positioning System, database management, computer aided design (CAD), computer network technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), expert systems etc.

Starting from the middle of the 20^th Century, information has become a commodity. Those best able to access information will be more successful than their peers in their future careers. Technological competence will be as important as medical competence to practice at the highest levels. Advances in computer technology have made access to veterinary and medical databases much simpler than in the past. It is quite likely that in the future, it will be a malpractice for practitioners not to access online information essential to the treatment of their patients. Wireless digital transfer of information will make access to necessary information independent of time and place.

Veterinary medicine and educational delivery are becoming an increasingly international market. Those who are prepared to deliver material in this manner will have a competitive advantage. Use of digital technologies will allow veterinary colleges to share information, including class material, more efficiently. This will enable each college to market specific educational information for students at other veterinary colleges or continuing education modules to graduate veterinarians around the world. On-line certificate programmes in specific veterinary topics will be developed. Use of computer technologies can enrich the teaching environment. By digitizing library, classroom, and laboratory visual images, students can access these materials at any time or place, freeing them from library and classroom schedules. Medical colleges have found that students heavily use these image resources. Computer technologies provide both horizontal and vertical integration of the professional curriculum, allowing students to explore information to the depth at which they are comfortable, without regard to their “year of study” in a traditional “linear” curriculum. Allowing students to see future applications of current learning material provides additional incentive to master basic material. Computers are a tool, just like a textbook, notebook, or calculator.

Computers take on an increasingly important role in today’s world. In this regard, their utility as tools for imparting high quality professional knowledge to veterinarians is much needed. e-learning covers a wide set of applications and processes, including computer-based learning, web-based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital collaboration. The delivery of content could be via electronic media, including the internet, intranets, extranets, satellite broadcast, audio/video tape, TV and CD-ROM. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the form of on-line teaching, face-to face video-cases and video-performances has recently been applied in the veterinary profession all over the world. ‘m-learning’ is the new buzz word almost indicating learning “anywhere” using mobile phones and Bluetooth or WiFi technologies. However, in the veterinary profession, connectivity is an issue as high quality network service is lacking in most remote areas. Some other terms frequently interchanged with e-learning are online learning, online education, distance education, distance learning, technology-based training, web-based training and even computer-based training (generally thought of as learning from a CD-ROM). e-learning is a broad term used to describe learning done at a computer.

I. CHALLENGES TO CYBERSPACE

The problems and prospects of copyright and information technology need to be deliberated in the context of present day jurisprudence. The subject is referable to the extensive use of information technology all over the world which has resulted in enhanced efficiency, effectiveness and optimum use of resources. The copyright law is concerned with the negative right of preventing copying of the physical material in the field of literature and arts. Trade and Merchandise Marks Act protects the patent, trade mark and design giving the registered proprietor an exclusive right to the registered material. The prohibition contained in rights in patent and copyright extend to the unauthorised manufacture or reproduction, so long as the exclusive right rests. Copyright has been held to be not the mere creature of the statute but a natural and civil right. The moral basis of the copyright is that the man is entitled to the fruits of its mental faculties as much as he is entitled to the fruits of his mechanical labour. The law rests on the English Commandment - thou shall not steal. It does not permit one man to make a profit and appropriate himself what has been produced by the labour, skill and capital of another. Blackstone in his commentaries Vol.II at page p.406 has stated:

There is still another aspect of property and this is the right which an author may be supposed to have in his own original literary compositions: so that no other person without his leave may publish or make profit of the copies. When a man by the exertion of his rational powers has produced an original work, he seems to have clearly a right to dispose of that identical work as he pleases and any attempt to vary the disposition he has made to it appears to be an invasion of that right.

Abstract

Patent infringement is the act of unauthorized making, using, offering for sale or selling any patented invention within the India. In case of patent infringement it is necessary for the patentee to compare the claims granted to him with the allegedly infringing product an check whether there is an infringement – whether the infringing product falls within the scope of the claims of the patent. In such a case the patentee may sue for relief in an appropriate court. The patentee may ask for permanent injunction and damages on account of the infringement. It is the crusade of the inventor asserting his rights against an infringer and the law recognizes the importance of this right; because, without such positive and assertive rights, industrial progress would be hard to come by

Abstract

Patent is a monopoly right which is granted by the Government to the applicant for the full disclosure of an ‘invention’ which is ‘new’, ‘inventive’ and ‘industrially applicable’. Thus, before filing a patent application, the inventor must be sure that the work done by him is new and inventive. Further, during the examination of the patent application, it is required to be verified that the invention claimed in the disclosure/specification is new, inventive and industrially applicable. Since the search for the ‘Novelty’ of the invention is carried worldwide, it becomes all the more important for the inventor and the examiners to search for the prior art thoroughly. Searching for the prior art (i.e. state of the art) across the globe in around millions of documents both patents and non-patent documents, is like ‘searching a needle in the haystack’. However, by using proper keywords and classification techniques, it is possible to arrive at the closest prior art available. Each patent application is classified by the Indian Patent Office and thus attributed to one or several fields of technology. The classification scheme applied is the International Patent Classification (IPC).

Abstract

Describes the genesis, organization and Internet representation of International Patent Classification (IPC). Provides the outline of seventh edition and useful URLs related to it.

Keywords: International Patent Classification, Patent Classification, Classification, Internet representation

Introduction

The International Patent Classification, commonly known as the IPC, is based on an international multi-lateral treaty administered by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). This treaty is called the Strasbourg Agreement concerning the IPC, which was concluded in 1971 and came into force on October 7, 1975. The Agreement aimed to overcome the difficulties caused by using diverse national patent classification system. The common classification system defined by the Agreement is applied to patent and utility model documents. The Agreement is open to States party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.

Keeping in view the importance of intellectual property rights and their protection, Journal of Intellectual Property Rights (JIPR) was started in 1996. The objective of the journal is enhancing communication between policy makers, organizational agents, academics, and managers on the critical understanding and research on intellectual property; and to promote the development of the newly cultivated research field. The journal publishes contributed/invited articles, case studies and patent reviews; technical notes on current IPR issues; literature review; world literature on IPR; national and international IPR news, book reviews, and conference reports.

JIPR is covered in the abstracting/ indexing services namely Scopus, EBSCO host Electronic Journals Service, Directory of Open Access Journal, Library & Information Science Abstracts database and Legal information Institute of India database.

Windows is an operating system with a Graphical User Interface (GUI). GUI displays graphical objects called icons, which represents the items you use. Also it is a menu driven interface, where you have menus and submenus to perform even the most basic tasks such as File open, Copy, and Help etc. The user need not know the computer commands, he just need to know simple English language to operate windows. This feature of windows made it a widely accepted operating system. Also windows allow multiprocessing environment, where we can perform more than one task simultaneously. For example, if you need to take a print out of a very long report which may take a couple of hours, you may give the command, and leave it at the background, and then you can keep working on the other applications. Windows supports a very useful pointing device called a mouse. With the mouse you can go anywhere on the screen and click where ever you want and pass instructions.

MS-ACCESS is a very powerful RDBMS (Data Base Management System) which manages data in term of special table called relation. Using MS-ACCESS you can manage all your information from a single database file. Database files are stored with extension. MDB.

ACCESS stores information in the form of tables and you build your database on its basis. Each row in a table holds all information’s & for a particular person it is called a record. And each column contains different pieces of information regarding that person, like Roll No, Name, Class, Address etc. Same as MSACCESS involves.

In ACCESS, you have few things known as Forms, Reports and Queries. They allow you to check and get desired information as and when required.

12.1 Meaning and Definition

A flow chart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each step in the process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step. The flow chart symbols are linked together with arrows showing the process flow direction. This diagrammatic representation can give a step-by-step solution to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.

ABSTRACT

Ethical conduct of research is utmost important which form the basis of overall development of society. Academic institutions can play key role in promoting scientific integrity by creating awareness about scientific misconduct and can frame policies to curb scientific misconduct. As a part of course curriculum knowledge about various issues related to academic integrity can be easily passed to young researchers and students of the institution. Awareness programs can play significant role in promoting research integrity for which academic libraries can be the frontrunner. Librarians’ role is also changing as they have not limited themselves to traditional services but are also providing web based services to the users. They can support research community by providing services like reference management through the use of reference management tools and data management and preservation services. Faculty development programs are also helping the working librarians to update their knowledge. This article discuss about the concept of academic integrity and role of academic institution in promoting it in general and library in particular. PA U library faculty has taken a lead in raising the awareness of students and researchers about research and publication ethics by teaching this course to as part of the course curriculum to research scholars and post graduate students of the university. It is also facilitating teaching community and researchers in plagiarism checking of the manuscripts through the use of antiplagiarism software.

Keywords: Scientific integrity, Research integrity, Research ethics, User education and research ethics, User awareness programs.

ABSTRACT

Nowadays it is very important to evaluate research publications. They are evaluated by impact factors and citation indices. The research value of an author and journal is ascertained from several citation indices, from which it is known that what Impact of a research publication is in market. The h index is based on diagnostic importance or productivity so it confers a delegate index of scientific result. The h-index is used to measure of published work of a scientist or scholar as well as also assess the achievement of research groups. The present paper describe about the h-index. Specifically, it explains its origin, advantages, and disadvantages and how calculates individual’s h-index in different databases.

Keywords: Citation, Impact, H-Index, Research productivity, Scientific publications.

ABSTRACTS

Historiography deals with the idea of history writing in different timeframe in different environments and in this discourse historian plays significant role. Indian ancient past is a fertile ground to understand different socio-political aspects of the country from various standpoints. Remaining within the paradigm of historiography historian like Romila Thapar not only emphasizing to understand the past but also tries to disseminate these through their writings in different scholarly platform. Apart from her valuable writings in the form of books, her writings in different reputed journals also impress sizable generations of new scholars. In this study an attempt has been made to study her contribution in intellectual field through writing history of Indian past.

Keywords: History, Historian, Romila Thapar, Past, Historiography.

The term digital is derived from the word digit or digitus, a Latin word for finger, as fingers are often used for discrete counting. A variable is discrete when it is countable in a finite time and its instantaneous value at any timing/ instant belongs to a set of finite values.

One of the major goals in agricultural crop management is to achieve maximum yield with minimum investment while maintaining a good quality of the crop produce. Crop infestation due to insects, diseases, and weeds are some of the major factors responsible for loss in crop yield. Further, an efficient Precision Agriculture Crop Management System is one, which is capable of precisely detecting the crop yield indicators (or crop health parameters) at an early stage and can predict the yield at any point of time of the crop cycle.

2.1 Operators

Operators are those who perform some specific operation. Python has a wide variety of operators. The various python operators are categorized into:

1. Arithmetic operators

2. Comparison/relational operators

3. Assignment operators

4. Logical operators

5. Identity operators

6. Membership operators

7. Bitwise operator

5.1 String Statement

String in python is stored as individual characters i.e. indexed wise. The index by default starts with 0.

So, here P will be represented by str[0] or str[-6], y will be represented by str[1] or str[-5]

Note: strings are immutable and hence you cannot change the individual letters of string using assignment operator.

Example:

name=“shyam”

Name[0]=“A”

Result error

7.1 Tuple Introduction

A tuple is a collection which is order and unchangeable. In python tuples are written with round brackets. Tuples in python are very similar to list which contains different types of elements with the following major differences.

It is declared as

tuple1=(1,2,3,“ram”,“shyam”)

Program implementation import timeit

listtime=timeit.timeit(stmt=“[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]”,number=1000000)

tupletime=timeit.timeit(stmt=“(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)”,number=1000000)

print(?List takes time:”, listtime)

print(?Tuple takes time:”, tupletime)

8.1 Introduction to Dictionary in Python

A dictionary is a collection which is unordered changeable and index. In python dictionaries are written within curly brackets, and they have keys and values. Means the dictionary contains two things first is the key and the second is the value.

8.1.1 Create and Print a Dictionary

Example

dict1={‘brand’:‘Suzuki’,‘model’:‘dzire’,‘year’:2020}

print(dict1)

Accessing items: you can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside square brackets.

Example

Accessing items: there is also a method called get() for the same task.

dict1={‘brand’:‘Suzuki’,‘model’:‘dzire’,‘year’:2020}

print(dict1)

y=dict1.get(?model”)

print(y)

The goal of sustainable agriculture is to meet society’s food and textile needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Practitioners of sustainable agriculture seek to integrate three main objectives into their work: a healthy environment, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. Every person involved in the food system—growers, food processors, distributors, retailers, consumers, and waste managers—can play a role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system.

Abstract

The knowledge of programming language(s) is necessary to solve biocomputational problems and also understand the data pattern. Computer programming is used to develop software to extract information from data which is very crucial while practicing bioinformatics. Programming language is a man-made, computer-understandable, artificial language, that is designed to instruct a machine, particularly a computer to get the desired output. This chapter briefly narrates the concept of algorithms, programming languages, and the historical perspective of the same.

Abstract

Sequence alignment is the positioning of DNA, RNA, or protein sequences with each other to identify the regions of identity, which may be the result of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Therefore, sequence alignment is the process of aligning two sequences to achieve the maximum levels of identity and conservation. This chapter deals with the basic concept of sequence alignment and the tools associated with multiple sequence alignment. Further, it describes various matrices used in sequence alignment.