eChapters

Abstract

Sequence alignment is the positioning of DNA, RNA, or protein sequences with each other to identify the regions of identity, which may be the result of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Therefore, sequence alignment is the process of aligning two sequences to achieve the maximum levels of identity and conservation. This chapter deals with the basic concept of sequence alignment and the tools associated with multiple sequence alignment. Further, it describes various matrices used in sequence alignment.

Abstract

Omics arise from ome which means complete or totality. It refers to the collection of technologies used to investigate the roles, relationships, and actions of the various types of molecules that make up an organism’s cells. Omics technologies provide the tools required to investigate differences in DNA, RNA, proteins, and other cellular molecules between species and individuals within a species. These technologies comprise, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, ionomics, glycomics, lipomics, cultureomics, pharmacogenomics, metagenomics, foodomics, eigenomics, phenomics, etc. The inclusion of all omics domain is known as multiomics. In this chapter we describe from basic, type structure of omics to all the recent cutting edge technologies in multiomics.

Abstract

Drug design is a complex computational process that involves studying the structural and physicochemical properties of biological moieties in order to identify new chemical or biochemical substances that can be used as drugs with specific pharmacological properties. The drug discovery pipeline is a crucial aspect of drug design that requires a detailed understanding of the various phases involved. In this chapter, we discuss the fundamental principles and phases of drug design. Additionally, we delve into the concept of docking, a critical step in the drug discovery process that involves predicting the orientation and affinity of a ligand binding to a protein target. The use of computational tools and techniques in drug design has revolutionized the field and is essential for the development of safe and effective drugs.

10.1 Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to develop a data logger and indicator for fire detection in agriculture field. The data logger is designed with the help of Scilab. The system comprises of Ardiuini Nano, light sensor, MQ6, MQ135, IR sensor, temperature sensor, power supply. The system is designed to take sensory data on Scilab with serial communication. Fig.10.1 shows block diagram for a system. Table.10.1 shows the component list required to develop the system.

This is an international convention governing the recognition of deposits in officially approved culture collections for the purpose of patent applications in any country that is a party to it. Because of the difficulties and on occasion of virtual impossibility of reproducing a microorganism from a description of it in a patent specification, it is essential to deposit a strain in a culture collection centre for testing and examination by others.

This was the year, 1974, the Director General of WIPO convened a committee of Experts to discuss the possibilities of international cooperation over the deposit of microorganisms for patent purposes

The Patent Cooperation Treaty provides an overview of an International Treaty which is administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization. The Patent Cooperation Treaty is an international treaty with more than 157 Contracting States by 2022. India deposited its instrument of accession on 7 September 1998 to both international treaties of WIPO in Geneva i.e. Paris convention for the protection of Industrial Property and Patent Cooperation treaty. PCT provides a system for filing a patent application and allow us to obtain patents in multiple countries around the world on the basis of a single patent application.

It is known that the phenotype of an individual is a combination of genotype and environment. Animal breeding analysis is mainly done to partition the genetic part from the environmental part so as to assess the actual genetic worth of the animal. In this process correction for the known environmental part is integral to any animal breeding analysis. In this chapter, a list of common factors affecting important economic traits are described. The analytical part for these effects will be explained in later chapters.

Correction or standardization of data is very important in any animal breeding analysis. Unless the candidates under selection are placed on a common platform, various factors affecting the trait will lead to bias in assessing the performance of the individual with respect to a particular trait. For eg. a lamb born during a favorable season, a lactating cow in its third parity, first lactation yield of a cow with longer age at first calving.

Biological Diversity Act, 2002 was passed by Indian government in pursuance of Convention on Biological Diversity, 1993 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a legally binding multilateral environmental agreement that has 194 contracting Parties (Countries) as its members with three objectives mentioned below:

1. Conservation of biological diversity
2. Sustainable use of the diversity and
3. Ensuring fair and equitable sharing of benefits of such use.

Traditional knowledge is a type of Intellectual property. It is also known as indigenous knowledge generated from the local communities and tradition of regional technology areas. This knowledge is orally passed over generation from person to person. According to world intellectual property organization, Traditional knowledge is an indigenous, cultural and intellectual property. The biodiversity of a country, the uses and applications of biological resources and prevalent practices are examples of traditional knowledge associated with life science. TK has the tremendous potential of being transformed into commercial opportunity by the development of products and processes. Hence, a share of benefits must accrue to creators and holders of Traditional Knowledge.

The aim of the breeder is to improve on various economic traits through selection. However, due to the lesser number of parents used, over a period of time, there creeps in the effect of inbreeding and loss of genetic variability which in turn causes depression and loss of fitness. This is more prominent in finite endangered populations and evaluation for genetic variability also forms an integral part of the animal breeding analysis.

Genetic variability is an integral part of domestic animal populations as fitness is directly related to the variability.

The large volume, type and nature of animal breeding data and the complex nature of analytical requirement warrants additional tools for handling, storage, retrieval and solving complex equations. Accuracy, speed, computational requirement, applicability, etc., has resulted in the development of numerous software exclusive for animal breeding data analysis. The database management system is already explained in the chapter on ‘Nature of animal breeding data and database management’. This chapter gives a note on the commonly used animal breeding software.

Windows is an operating system with a Graphical User Interface (GUI). GUI displays graphical objects called icons, which represents the items you use. Also it is a menu driven interface, where you have menus and submenus to perform even the most basic tasks such as File open, Copy, and Help etc. The user need not know the computer commands, he just need to know simple English language to operate windows. This feature of windows made it a widely accepted operating system. Also windows allow multiprocessing environment, where we can perform more than one task simultaneously. For example, if you need to take a print out of a very long report which may take a couple of hours, you may give the command, and leave it at the background, and then you can keep working on the other applications. Windows supports a very useful pointing device called a mouse. With the mouse you can go anywhere on the screen and click where ever you want and pass instructions.

MS-ACCESS is a very powerful RDBMS (Data Base Management System) which manages data in term of special table called relation. Using MS-ACCESS you can manage all your information from a single database file. Database files are stored with extension. MDB.

ACCESS stores information in the form of tables and you build your database on its basis. Each row in a table holds all information’s & for a particular person it is called a record. And each column contains different pieces of information regarding that person, like Roll No, Name, Class, Address etc. Same as MSACCESS involves.

In ACCESS, you have few things known as Forms, Reports and Queries. They allow you to check and get desired information as and when required.

Age old practice of photography was taken with still camera in parallel direction, not aerially scan or snapping which really present wider prospective of any object or places in rearranging or planning skilfully in two dimensional working. Earlier aeroplane played a important role in over head condition to capture snaps but again accuracy and angle of camera limited the works because these photographs were diagonally or trigonally not matched the reality of ground.

12.1 Meaning and Definition

A flow chart is a graphical or symbolic representation of a process. Each step in the process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short description of the process step. The flow chart symbols are linked together with arrows showing the process flow direction. This diagrammatic representation can give a step-by-step solution to a given problem. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.

Introduction

Resources must be managed effectively to achieve maximum sustainable agricultural production from limited natural resources. Many of the resources that agriculture depends on (such as water and land) are finite and need to be well managed for long term sustainability. In most cases, this means avoiding adverse effects on the society and environment. With the development of agricultural sectors, the utilization patterns of natural resources in agriculture are important concern for policy makers in present climate change scenario. Unlike other production activities, agricultural activities also utilize factor resources to produce several marketable products or services. The way the natural resources are utilized in agriculture and its concern for society and environment, plays a vital role in economic viability and ecological sustainability of agriculture.

There are several conventional methodologies to estimate the level of profit and efficiency of production system at enterprise level. Only marketable factors are considered in conventional methods keeping the non-marketable component of production system away. Non-marketable component of a production system includes various social and environmental dimensions of it. Nammalwar (1997) has explained the concept of environmentally sound and sustainable enterprises, which include the physical resources, ecological resources, human use value, quality of life values with either way impact of agriculture and environment. In recent years, non-marketable dimensions of agricultural activities have been given importance because of its concern for the environment and society. This chapter provides a methodology that incorporates non-marketable component of agricultural enterprise besides its marketable component. The Resource Cost Ratio (RCR) approach is a modified methodology developed by Debnath et al. (2010) from Domestic Resource Cost Ratio (DRCR) that Morris (1990) has applied at macro-economic level to determine the comparative advantage between countries.

2.1 Operators

Operators are those who perform some specific operation. Python has a wide variety of operators. The various python operators are categorized into:

1. Arithmetic operators

2. Comparison/relational operators

3. Assignment operators

4. Logical operators

5. Identity operators

6. Membership operators

7. Bitwise operator

Introduction

The influence of various socio-economic factors on the willingness of the decision makers to adopt new technologies has been investigated by a number of studies (Roe, 1983; Shakya and Flinn, 1985; Thomas et al., 1990). In most studies of adoption behaviour, the dependent variable is constrained to lie between 0 and 1 and the models used are exponential functions (Kebede et al., 1990). However, the decision to adopt a new technology can be very effectively captured using binary choice models. Binary choice models are appropriate when the choice between two alternatives depends on the characteristics of the problem. Application of a linear probability model to this type of problem, however, suffers from a number of deficiencies (Capps and Kramer, 1985), particularly, the one associated with the estimated probabilities in some cases being greater than one or lesser than zero as a result of neglecting significant interaction effects (Mingche, 1977). These deficiencies could be circumvented through the use of a monotonic transformation (probit or logit specification) which guaranties that predictions lie within the unit interval (Capps and Kramer, 1985). Univariate logit and probit models and their modified forms have been used extensively to study the adoption behaviour of farmers and consumers (Schmidt and Strauss, 1975; Garcia et al., 1983; Shakya and Flinn, 1985; Harper et al., 1990). According to Hanushek and Jackson (1977), the choice between logit and probit models is largely a matter of convenience. However, Maddala (1983) and Shakya and Flinn (1985) have recommended probit models for functional forms with limited dependent variables that are continuous between 0 and 1, and logit models for discrete dependent variables.

Model Specification

Univariate logit model is generally used to study the adoption behaviour of farmers and consumers.

The model is estimated using the maximum likelihood method.

Parametric and Non-parametric tests

Parametric and Non-parametric tests are used for comparing differences between groups (e.g. Difference in catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) of two types of Codends) and to test the relationship between two or more variables (e.g. Gender differences in awareness levels of fish farming (High, medium and low). As there seen differences in types of data, Non-parametric statistics are used when

• Data is non-normal

• Small sample size

• The variables are categorical

• Short response categories (<5 ) in scales

5.1 String Statement

String in python is stored as individual characters i.e. indexed wise. The index by default starts with 0.

So, here P will be represented by str[0] or str[-6], y will be represented by str[1] or str[-5]

Note: strings are immutable and hence you cannot change the individual letters of string using assignment operator.

Example:

name=“shyam”

Name[0]=“A”

Result error