eChapters

Q. 1 Which of the following is not a type of grinder ?
(A) Attrition mill      (B) Burr mill
(C) Hammer mill     (D) Solvent extraction mill

21.1 Introduction

Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science which is being highly exploited in the sphere of medicine where “nano” plays a vital role in delivery of drugs or chemical molecules to the point it is required in précised quantities in right proportions. Nanoscience infuses intelligence to the truck load of chemical constituents that are to be delivered at appropriate locations and cleave from the site after the task is complete. Such process will likely to reduce the cost besides ensuring environmental safety. Nanoscale devices with its unique properties make the agricultural system more smart and effective; such devices are capable of responding to different situations by themselves, thus taking appropriate remedial action with the need of external directions from humans. In short, these devices act as a detectors and if need arises serve as a solution/remedy for the particular issue. These smart delivery systems of chemicals in controlled and targeted manner can be considered synonymous to the proposed nano-drug delivery system in human (Patolsky et al., 2006). 

Smart farming, otherwise called smart agriculture, uses progressed agriculture advancements to improve ranch the farm management. By consolidating Industry 4.0 advancements, Precision farming achieves doable outcomes like extend production, resource insurance, and lessened petroleum derivative result. Internet of Things (IoT) accepts a fundamental part in Smart farming, by Precision agriculture to screen and deal with things, as a matter of fact. Information examination is in like manner essential for isolating huge encounters from the colossal proportion of data created by IoT devices. The reconciliation of present day modern digital technology has change into smart farming as information empowered and information driven activity. After affiliation, further examination of each IoT and data analytics frameworks in the agricultural region can be positive.
The total population is predicted to increase by 10 billion in 2050, by enhancing interest for agricultural goods, and notable food. This has brought about a developing interest supply befuddle. Issues including restricted assets, natural changes, and work deficiencies increment the jumble, endangering food security and agricultural production. To defeat these worries, farming should be feasible and utilize state of the art innovation. One important choice is “smart farming,” that attempt to increased food productivity by meeting the population demand in a sustainable manner. This is steady with the Assembled Countries’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which hold back nothing security utilizing reasonable ways.
Smart farming strategy for agriculture business had changed Ancient farming into smart agriculture. Ancient times, human cultivated the soil to provide food for livelihood. Such activity is known as agriculture, and it follow a long path between agriculture 1.0 to agriculture 4.0. Producers employed agricultural implements including pitchforks and sickles for cultivation throughout the 17th century, a period called as Agriculture 1.0. Farming practices, a huge number of workers are needed to conduct agricultural tasks. Moreover, agricultural

11.1 Introduction

The application of greenhouse in agriculture is vast. Greenhouses are used for growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, transplants and varieties of certain crops in a controlled environment which is appropriate for the plants. The edible flowers are served in some good restaurants to grow them precise calculation is required. Sensor network can help to monitor and automate the activities in greenhouse. The objective of this chapter is to discuss the development of sensor nodes to monitor the growth of flower plants through XBee and internet of things. The system comprises of three sections- sensor nodes, local server and main server. Sensor nodes communicate to local server with XBee and then local server communicates the same data to main server through IoT.Fig.11.1 shows the generalized block diagram, sensor node is to be implemented on each flower pot and communicating to local and main server.

Water system is considered an Arti?cial usage of the water on the dirt utilizing various strategies like siphons, cylinders and showers. Typically, the requirement for water system shows up where the precipitation is unpredictable, in dry times, or where lack of hydration is customary. An excessive number of water system frameworks are accessible with various sorts as indicated by the Climate of the dirt. The water utilized in water system has numerous assets, like underground water, through wells or springs; the surface water, from lakes, streams; or other a few sources, for instance, the treated wastewater or desalinated seawater. In this way, farmers need to save and safeguard their Agriculture water sources by limiting the capability of diseases. Since with any groundwater extraction, clients of water system water should be mindful so as not to deplete groundwater out with a rate more prominent than it is being recovered. There are two strategies of current water system systems, the conventional water system procedures and the Smart water system philosophies. Water system is like surface water system, trickle water system and sprinkler water system. Later on, a few extreme and confounded issues will be met by inundated agriculture. An illustration of a signi?cant issue is the low efficiency of the water assets for water system. An important safe guess is that over 40% of the diverted water system water is spent before at the level of the ranch, either through profound permeation or at the surface spillover. Nonetheless, frequently these misfortunes address botched open doors for water, as they keep water from showing up at the downstream redirections. One of the most noticeable coming issues is the expansion of various water prerequisites assets, for example, manufactural and metropolitan requirements. These are utilized to give water assets a higher worth, so as a result, researchers favor concentrating entirely on rehearses with a high inefficient rate. s worldwide populace is expanding quickly, rural efficiency in drylands needs improvement to fulfill food security needs. Subsequently, taking on Precision water system approaches is a suitable choice to more readily use the accessible water assets and further develop water efficiency in drylands. Water shortage has become one of the basic issues and undermines the supportable improvement

Plant breeding is a revered custom that proceeds with the most common way of creating further developed plant cultivars, which traces all the way back to the beginning of agriculture . People started to observe levels of greatness among the plants in their fields not long after the underlying regulations of cereal grains, from which they put away the seeds of the best to develop new harvests. Early plant-reproducing advancements were the trailblazers to such simple choice methodologies. Individuals from the whole way across the world investigated and developed almost 7000 assortments of food plants during Breeding 1.0, which started quite a while back. Breeding stage 2.0 began in the late nineteenth and mid 20th hundreds of years when an inbreeding discouragement was found. During this time, many advances in plant breeding were made in the study of reproducing itself, like duplicated field preliminaries, controlled intersections, factual examinations, formal exploratory plans, crossover breeding, family-based appraisals of reproducing values, and exact yield estimation at scale (e.g., with Muldrow joins). Breeding 3.0 came to around a long time back, when sub-atomic markers and genomic information started to enhance phenotypic information. Breeding 4.0 is quickly drawing nearer, with immense omics information and the fast advancement of informatics innovations. Starting from the start of the plant breeding cycle, beginning from crop training, new methodologies interceded by various mechanical upheavals are being advanced in the science consistently to build the speed, exactness, and Precision in plant reproducing. In the previous 10 years, this science has proactively brought the green upheaval by creating semi-predominate, supplement responsive, and crossover cultivars. In any case, taking into account the populace development, diminishing arable land, and Climate changes, these have requested more exact, high throughput moves toward that can intervene to foster harvest cultivars at a more prominent speed, with higher exactness, and accuracy. In such manner, the field of Artificial brainpower has as of late arisen, which has been recommended to have unprecedented potential to help with breeding Climate versatile Precisionyields. Climate strong harvests keep up with or increment crop yields

The societal implications of nanotechnology are the potential benefits and challenges that the introduction of novelnanotechnological devices and materials may hold for society and human interaction. The term is sometimes expanded to also include nanotechnology’s health and environmental implications, but this article will only consider the social and political implications of nanotechnology.

As nanotechnology is an emerging field andmostof its applications are still speculative, there is much debate about what positive and negative effects that nanotechnology might have.

Beyond the toxicity risks to human health and the environment which are associated with first-generation nanomaterials, nanotechnology has broader societal implications and poses broader social challenges. Social scientistshave suggestedthatnanotechnology’s social issues should be understood and assessed not simply as “downstream” risks or impacts. Rather, the challenges should be factored into “upstream” research and decision making in order to ensure technology development that meets social objectives.

Q. 1 Which type of gully is formed on flat land?
(A) U-shaped  (B) V-shaped
(C) L-shaped   (D) T-shaped

Soil health determines agricultural productivity, resource efficiency and long-term sustainability. Conventional laboratory and field-assessment methods provide valuable information but can be time-consuming and difficult to scale. This chapter presents a computational approach combining soil sensors, remote sensing and historical agronomic records. Indicators such as moisture, nutrients, pH and organic matter are processed using data-cleaning and feature-extraction techniques. Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and neural-network models estimate soil-quality parameters and identify degradation patterns. Explainable artificial intelligence improves the transparency and usefulness of predictions. Integration with edge computing enables real-time soil evaluation and supports targeted fertilization, efficient irrigation and sustainable soil-management decisions.

Q. 1 Hygrophilic soils are those
(A) Which attract water       (B) Which do not attract water
(C) Which transmit water    (D) Which produce water

Q. 1 If the forward speed of a tractor drawn seed drill is increased twice,
then the seed rate delivered will be
(A) Reduced to half            (B) Double
(C) Increased by four time (D) Remains the same

1. Introduction
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a systematic quality system essential for
ensuring the reliability, consistency, and integrity of laboratory data, particularly when the findings are used for regulatory decision-making. GLP ensures that laboratory studies are conducted in a scientific manner, maintaining high standards of ethical practice, precision, and reproducibility, with a primary focus on ensuring public and environmental safety. Introduced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1978, GLP gained global recognition through the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which established guidelines for its implementation. GLP principles are now widely adopted in regulatory testing for pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food safety, and environmental testing. The OECD’s guidance on GLP has been instrumental in developing standards across the globe, ensuring that test results are scientifically valid and can be accepted internationally. In Asia, particularly in India and other developing countries, GLP compliance has gained increasing importance as pharmaceutical, environmental, and chemical industries expand. Regulatory bodies in these regions have gradually aligned their standards with international norms to ensure their competitiveness in global markets. This chapter discusses the key SOPs necessary for GLP compliance and provides a regional perspective, focusing on India and other Asian nations, where GLP frameworks are evolving to meet international standards.
2. Objective of GLP
The overarching objective of GLP is to ensure that laboratory data is accurate, reliable, and reproducible across different studies. The scientific and regulatory communities rely on GLP to ensure that findings from preclinical studies and safety evaluations can be trusted and utilized for regulatory approval.
The key objectives of GLP include
• Accuracy and Integrity of Data: GLP ensures that every aspect of data collection, analysis, and reporting is conducted with integrity and accuracy, preventing errors or falsification that could affect regulatory decisions.

For station X, the maximum one day rainfall with 25 years return period is 100 mm. The probability of a on day rainfall equal to or greater than 100 mm at station X occurring at least once in 15 successive years is
(A) 0.458             (B) 0.500
(C) 0.637            (D) 0.990

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is an important experimental tool used in determining crustal structure of material system in bulk and nanoregimes. Therefore, it is important to understand the basic concepts of XRD.

Aim

To study the levelling instruments

To practice the simple leveling

Leveling

Leveling is a method of surveying used for determination of the difference of elevations or levels of various points on the surface of the earth. The elevation of a point is its vertical distance above or below a reference level, called datum. Most commonly used datum is the mean sea level (M.S.L). Leveling is required to determine the undulations of the earth’s surface for topographic mapping. Leveling is needed for the design of highways, railways, canals, sewers, etc. Leveling is essential for the layout of construction projects, locating the excavation levels and for the control of various elevations in buildings, bridges, dams etc. The results of the leveling can be used to determine the catchment area, volume of the reservoir and the area submerged by a reservoir.

Aim

To identify different parts of prismatic compass and to know their functions.

To practice of taking the angular measurement.

Compass survey principle

Compass surveying is a branch of surveying in which directions of survey lines are determined with a compass and the lengths of the lines are measured with a chain or tape. In practice, the compass is generally used to run a traverse. In compass surveying, a traverse consists of a series of straight lines connected together to form an open or closed polygon as shown in Fig.44.1. The points A, B, C, D and E defining the ends of the traverse lines are called traverse station or traverse points. The lengths of the traverse lines are measured with a chain or tape. At each traverse station, where the traverse lines meet, the angle is measured with a compass.

Aim

To study the different materials used for chain survey

Theory

Chain surveying is the method of land surveying in which only linear measurements are made. This method of surveying quit simple and it requires only a chain, a tape, few ranging rods and few arrows. It is used for securing data for exact description, marking the boundaries of land and preparing the maps of the area to show various details. The term details mean a natural or man-made feature at the ground surface.

Aim

To draw the drying characteristic curve for given grain by thin layer drying.

To determine the drying constant, heat utilization factor and coefficient of performance.

Theory

Fluidized bed drying is a method of drying by keeping the material in fluidized/ floating condition inside a chamber by hot air. In this drying process higher rate of moisture migration takes place.

Greenhouse selection

Selection of greenhouse to be constructed is important as each type has its own merits and demerits. There are two common types of commercial greenhouses namely; (i) Freestanding (single span) and (ii) Ridge and furrow (gutter connected or multi-span). Multi-span structure permits economy in construction, heating and cooling but the single span gives flexibility as far as microclimate inside the greenhouse in concerned. The freestanding Quonset type is usually accommodates many growing situations but there height restrictions near the side walls. Another freestanding type is single gable greenhouse and its many variations. The ridge and furrow or gutter connected greenhouse are joined at the eave by a common gutter.