eChapters

Introduction

For the year 2016-17, as per the FAO global estimate, the food grain production has crossed over 2.6 trillion metric tons, while the steadily increasing the demand is anticipated to be approximately 3.3 trillion metric tons for 2016-17. Similarly,the global production of all horticultural commodities has crossed over 1.8 trillion metric tons. The global trade of these commodities is purely based on their quality, the demand for good quality produces increases day by day. The term “quality” is a broad terminology used to explain many parameters and differs from commodity to commodity. Usually, the term ‘quality’ is classified into internal and external quality. The external quality refers the external colour, size, shape appearance, uniformity, external damage, cracks and bruishness etc. These parameters may be common for both perishables and durables.

But, in case of internal quality, each and every parameter vary from commodity to commodity, product to product. For food grains, the internal quality refers to moisture content and other nutritional parameters like carbohydrate, protein content etc. But in fruits, the internal quality refers to internal pulp colour, TSS, pH, acidity, juice content, ripeness, other biochemical and nutritional quality parameters. 

Milk fermentation is process by which a change is produced in milk through the activity of microorganism. As milk leaves the udder it serves as a medium for the growth of many species and accordingly undergoes a series of changes, the processes producing these changes constitute the milk fermentation.

Fermentation of organic compounds, especially in the lack of oxygen leads to the rapid break-down of ‘biopolymers’ to produce ‘anaerobic food chains’.

Abstract

Sedentary lifestyle coupled with excess calorie intake is partially responsible for increased incidence of lifestyle related diseases like coronary heart disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer and hypertension. Non-nutritive sweeteners can offer consumers a way to enjoy the sweet taste with little or no energy. Further, functional beverages are the drinks which are altered in such a way to provide specific health benefits and disease preventing properties beyond general nutrition. In the present paper, authors have summarized various research works on development of different low calorie functional fruit and vegetable products by replacing sugar with non-nutritive sweeteners like saccharin, cyclamate, sorbitol and stevioside at different levels of sweetness (equivalent used to sucrose). The cyclamate sweetened spiced plum squash at 50 per cent sweetness proportion gave higher taste scores in comparison to saccharin sweetened beverage. In case of sorbitol sweetened beverages, with the increase in the proportion of sorbitol sweetness, the organoleptic score for colour, body and flavour increased compared to saccharin and cyclamate sweetened products. Whereas, the stevia sweetened beverages indicated highest sensory acceptability at 75% stevioside sweetness level. Further, sorbitol sweetened health products were found to have similar calculated energy value as that of sucrose sweetened products (100%), but sorbitol is absorbed slowly and does not raise the insulin levels. The development efforts had successfully reduced calorie value of plum squash up to 42% with cyclamate at 50% sweetness level. The calorie value of the sorbitol and stevioside sweetened products has been reduced by 70% and 60% per serving at 100% and 75% sweetness level, respectively. The developed products were found to have strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli as well as high antioxidant potential. Overall, it was concluded that, the developed products had better taste, palatability and storage stability beside reduced energy value, hence their availability in the market will definitely benefit the at risk group i.e. diabetics, obese and health conscious people.

Abstract

Quinoa is a pseudo-cereal which belongs to family Chenopodiaceae. Quinoa can act as highly potential crop for areas where ecological conditions do not support other food crops because of its rusticity, tolerance to frost, salinity, drought and ability to grow in marginal soils. Recently, much attention is focused on quinoa for people with celiac disease and allergic to gluten. Quinoa contains high-quality protein, complete with all essential amino acids and is a good source of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamin C, vitamin E (natural antioxidants) and adequate amount of important micronutrients such as minerals. Carbohydrates of quinoa possess excellentfreeze-thaw stability and can be used as thickener in frozen foods.

Quinoa also consists of bioactive components such as phytosterols, squalene, fagopyritols and polyphenols which act as powerful anti-oxidants in-vitro and thus couldprevent degenerative diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Fibre accounts for 6% of the grains total weight, and quinoa intake therefore promotes intestinal transit, regulates cholesterol, stimulates the development of beneficial bacterial flora and helps prevent colon cancer. The quinoa grain can be used to combat liver disease, angina and cystitis. The radical scavenging ability and Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity of quinoa is higher than that of amaranth, rice and wheat. Recent studies have identified significant amounts of ecdysteroids, kaempferol, quercetin, two phytoestrogen - daidzein and cenistema in quinoa. Ethanolic extract of quinoa was observed to have Antioxidant and antihypertensive activity.

Abstract

The aim is to review the potential health benefits of minor millet. There is in need to identify newer sources of nutraceuticals and other natural and nutritional materials with the desirable functional characteristics. They are an important staple food in India for people of low income groups. Minor millet is rich in several nutrients as well as non-nutrients such as phenols. Nutritionally, its importance is well recognised because of its high content of calcium (0.38%), dietary fiber (18%) and phenolic compounds (0.3-3%). Minor millets, one of the cereals are known for several health benefits including its polyphenol and dietary fiber contents. Health beneficial effects include anti-diabetic, anti-tumerogenic, atherosclerogenic effects, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The energy of minor millets is greater than other cereals and nearly equal to that of brown rice because the lipid content is generally higher (3 to 6%). This review deals with the nature of polyphenols and dietary fiber of minor millets and their role with respect to the health benefits associated with millet.

Previous Year Questions

1. Discuss the iron and protein malnutrition in India. Describe the dietary pattern for mitigating the above-said malnutrition. (15M, IFoS-2022)

2. What is protein energy malnutrition? Give micronutrient deficiency in women and children. (20M, CSE 2017)

3. How are vitamins classified? Name the blood clotting vitamin. Give its various functions and sources. (10M, 150W, CSE 2019)

4. What do you mean by nutrient deficiency? Explain the micro-nutrient deficiency in context of work capacity of women and children. (12.5M, CSE 2015)

Abstract

Nutrition and genetics both have very crucial role in human health and in development of chronic diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Difference between individuals in response to dietary intervention is a well-known phenomenon in nutrition research (Ordovas, 2008).The effect of dietary changes on phenotypes such as blood cholesterol, body weight and blood pressure can differ significantly between individuals (Ordovas et al., 2007). Various bioprocess i.e. ingestion, absorption, digestion, transport, metabolism and excretion of nutrients and food bioactive components in human body is carried out through proteins such as enzymes, receptors, transporters, ion channels and hormones. Genetic variation leads to altered production and affect functional properties of these proteins. Furthermore nutritional efficacy is also different among different individuals which might be affected by nutritional status. Thus diet and gene expression are interrelated and have a mutual effect on physiology of human body.

    1.    Nutrients : Chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body’s tissues. Nutrients may also reduce the risks of some diseases.
    2.    Carbohydrate, fat, and protein are sometimes called macronutrients because the body requires them in relatively large amounts (many grams daily). In contrast, vitamins and minerals are micronutrients, required only in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms daily).
    3.    The international unit for measuring food energy is the joule, a measure of work energy. To convert kcalories to kilojoules, multiply by 4.2; to convert kilojoules to kcalories, multiply by 0.24.
    4.    Essential nutrients : Nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs; also called indispensable nutrients. About 40 nutrients are currently known to be essential for human beings. Energy-yielding nutrients: the nutrients that break down to yield energy the body can use:

Abstract

Due to rapidly increasing knowledge on nutrition and medicine, concepts about food and health has dramatically changed and resulted in consumption of nutraceuticals and natural plant foods.Use of nutritional therapy and phytotherapy have become progressively popular to improve health, and to prevent and treat diseases. Plants have long history of their uses as ingredients of human nutrition and folk medicine,because of availability of huge array of high-value components and multiple-activity bio-actives. “Licorice” means “sweet root” in Greek is a plant of ancient origin, indigenous to Southern Europe and Asia Minor. Most of the supply comes from former USSR, Spain, Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, with total production between 40,000 and 50,000 tonnes per annum. The chemical constituents of the roots include several bioactive compounds, such as glycyrrhizin (~16%), different sugars (up to 18%) ,flavonoids, saponoids,sterols, starches, amino acids, gums and essential oils. A large number of clinical and experimental studies reported its useful biological properties such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anticancer effects. It is useful in anaemia, gout, asthama,ulcers, sore throat, tonsillitis, diabetes, tuberculosis, flatulence, diarrhea, sexual debility, epilepsy, hyperdypsia, fever, coughs, skin diseases, eye diseases, swellings,constipation, rheumatism, acidity, leucorrhoea, bleeding, jaundice, hiccough, hoarseness, bronchitis.Recently, it is reported to have neurological properties such as antidepressant, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects. The most abundant minerals present are calcium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium and iron. Licorice extracts and its principle component, glycyrrhizin, have extensive use in foods,as a natural sweetener and flavoring agent in beverage, confectionery, tobacco and pharmaceutical industry. It is in great demand globally as medicinal and nutritional supplement due to it's wide range of properties, which also indicates that in future the plant could serve as a “lead” for the development of novel agents having good efficacy in various disorders.

Introduction

In the recent past there has been a great deal of questioning regarding role of milk fat in cholesterol metabolism and other body functions. The enormous wave against cholesterol containing foods has damaged the image and market growth of fat rich dairy products. This trend is due to presence of saturated fats and cholesterol that are known to increase the incidence of coronary heart diseases one of the common cause of heart attack. The educated and urban society is more health conscious about the presence of cholesterol in their diets. This has led to the greater demand of cholesterol free foods. Ghee being a saturated fat and containing little amount of cholesterol, is suspected to contribute towards coronary heart diseases. However, critically surveyed scientific literature indicates that there is no evidence of any association of milk fat with increased risk of coronary heart diseases. Age old and proven Ayurvedic system of medicine has proved the usage of ghee to induce several beneficial effects on human health and used extensively for therapeutic purpose like in treatment of skin allergy, respiratory diseases, curative for ulcers and eye diseases. This suggest that ghee is a valuable form of dietary fat.

We get energy from food. We need energy for all the activities which we get by eating. The body structures as muscles, organs and bones are composed of the nutrients contained in food which are absorbed by the body.

Nutritional requirement of the major nutrients

Nutrients are the substances which are found in food and drive biological activity. They are essential for the human body. These are categorized into proteins, fats, carbohydrates (sugars, dietary fiber), vitamins and minerals (Sugishima, 2019). They perform the vital functions like building all parts of the body as muscle, bone, teeth and blood. Out of the 20 different kinds of amino acids that make up proteins nine are not synthesized in the body and are therefore called essential amino acids. These essential amino acids have to be supplemented through food. High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets have been found to be effective.Protein is an important component of every cell in the body. Large part of hair and nails are made up of proteins. The human body uses protein to build and repair the tissues, helps in making enzymes hormones and other body chemicals. Protein is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin and blood.

Milk: Composition, Nutritional Role, & Importance for Human Health Introduction
Milk is one of nature’s most complete and balanced foods, offering a rich source of essential nutrients such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals in forms that are easily digested and assimilated by the body. It serves as a cornerstone of human nutrition, providing critical support for growth, bone strength, and overall health. Known as the nectar of life, milk not only sustains life but also enhances immunity, forming the first bond between mother and infant.
An adequate intake of calcium, particularly during childhood, is critical for bone development and preventing osteoporosis in later life. Rich in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, milk is vital for maintaining strong bones and teeth while preventing osteoporosis. Its high-quality proteins support muscle growthand recovery, while lactose and fats provide both immediate and sustained energy. Micronutrients like zinc, selenium, and whey proteins strengthen the immune system, and its high water content makes milk an excellent source of hydration. These qualities make it a protective food for all age groups, from infants to the elderly.
While milk naturally lacks iron and has low levels of vitamin D, fortification with additional nutrients enhances its nutritional profile, making it even more beneficial. Fortified milk helps address deficiencies, supports bone health, and boosts immunity, making it an ideal dietary option for diverse populations. For infants and children, milk is a near-perfect food, and for adults, it serves as an excellent dietary supplement, particularly for its calcium, protein, and vitamin content. Beyond its nutritional benefits, milk plays a significant role in culinary traditions and cultural practices across the globe.

“Tell me what you eat and I will tell you what you are. The destiny of people depends on the nature of its diet.”

A. Brillat-Savarin

Milk is the only product which is considered nature’s almost perfect food. It is treasure house of unlimited nutrients. It is considered best and ideal food by virtue of possessing almost all the nutritional factors, viz., fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. They are not only of higher quality but are present in milk in such form and proportion that their digestion and assimilation in the body is very efficient. Milk also plays a supplementary role in our nutrition. If it is included in our diet it enhances digestion and assimilation of nutrients of other food products. This is the reason that it is kept in high esteem as a food and is called the nectar for living beings.

Milk is the first taste of food for whole mankind. It establishes the mother-infant bond and is a life promoter. Of the many fluids that biology offers milk is perhaps the most versatile in terms of its use– as food, as a growth stimulant and as a defense package to the user. To the infant mammal – be it a mouse, calf or a human child, mother’s milk is more than a source of energy and nutrients. It contains a wide variety of substances that defend the growing infant against infections.

Milk, a perfect blend of nutrition and palatability, plays an important role in preserving mental and physical health. Milk has long been recognized as the most wholesome and complete single food available in nature for health and as a medicine, both preventive as well as curative. Ancient chronicles as recorded in the Upnishads, Puranas and Vedas extol the beneficial and therapeutic properties of milk and milk products. It has been stated that cow milk, dahi and ghee impart knowledge and radiance, cure heart trouble and anaemia besides other bodily diseases.

1. Introduction

The demand for non-dairy based beverages in form of non-dairy milk is on rise due to several reasons. Firstly, the prevalence of lactose intolerance and milk allergy amongst a major percentage of population who cannot consume dairy milk and look for alternate source of proteins. The need for functional drinks is also a major factor which contributes to the increase in demand of milk-alternatives. It has also been reported that milk processors around the world face an uphill battle, including the dominance of private labels; consumer concerns over the presence of growth hormones in non-organic milk; fluctuations in commodity prices; supply shortages for organic milk; and growing consumer concern about the safety of animal products in general. With that long list of challenges, the market has had few growth opportunities even though consumers continue to prize milk for its nutritional benefits.

2. Need for Non-dairy Beverages

2.1 Prevalence of lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is estimated to affect 33 % of the global population, but the prevalence of the condition varies from country to country. It is also estimated that an average of 75 % of human adults have decreased intestinal lactase activity after weaning (NDDI, 2012).

1. Introduction

Heat transfer from a hot surface is a general method or technique of heating liquids and slurry type of food materials. In such cases the heat can be generated either directly by a heating element or indirectly from a hot medium like steam or hot water via a heat exchanger (e.g. shell and tube, plate). Therefore, for the heat transfer during heating by these techniques a temperature gradient will be required, which usually causes the fouling on the surface of the heating element or heat exchanger. Afterwards the fouling not only reduces the heat transfer rate but also results in quality deterioration within the product which is being processed. 

Microbiologists are constantly at risk of exposure to hazardous microorganisms that can cause diseases. These microorganisms may enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, cuts, abrasions, or the eyes. Therefore, handling cultures, slides, and live microorganisms requires utmost care. To ensure safety in the laboratory, several precautions must be followed:
1. Maintain cleanliness in microbiological labs at all times, taking extra care to prevent contamination from the air, equipment, personnel, or the environment.
2. Always wear a clean white lab coat or apron while working. After handling infectious microorganisms, the lab coat should be autoclaved.
3. No eating, drinking, or smoking is allowed in the laboratory.
4. Personal hygiene is essential in microbiological labs.
5. Wash hands with soap and water or a mild disinfectant solution (e.g., hypochlorite solution containing 50-100 ppm chlorine or 1-2% lysol solution) before starting work.
6. Disinfect the work surface by wiping down the lab bench with a disinfectant solution, such as 5% phenol or hypochlorite solution containing 200-300 ppm chlorine, both before and after work.
7. Keep the work area neat and organized at all times.
8. Use self-adhesive labels instead of moistening labels with your tongue.
9. Sterilize inoculating loops and needles by heating them in a Bunsen burner flame until red hot before and after use.

A boiler is a sealed vessel designed to heat water or other liquids, producing steam or vapor for various applications, including heating, power generation, cooking, and industrial processes. The operation of a boiler is similar to that of a pressure cooker but on a larger scale. The steam or vapor generated is used for domestic or industrial purposes, with the system usually involves involving combustion products that heat the water. Boilers come in various types, tailored for specific uses. While domestic boilers are compact and suited for household needs, industrial boilers play an important role in production processes, often operating on a much larger scale. These industrial boilers can be environmentally friendly when powered by natural gas or other low-emission fuels, helping industries reduce harmful emissions while maintaining performance. Industrial boilers have been a part of various sectors for centuries, with applications ranging from steam-powered locomotives to power plants. Their primary benefit lies in their energy efficiency and capacity to generate significant heat, supporting industrial operations. Whether in cooking or running manufacturing plants, heat plays a central role in daily life, and boilers provide a reliable means of delivering it efficiently. In industries, the use of industrial boilers helps reduce dependency on costly electric energy. As electricity can be expensive on a large scale, boilers allow manufacturers to lower operational costs. Additionally, industrial boilers require less management and minimize dependence on electricity, making them an economical and efficient option for industries.

OVERVIEW OF CANNING MACHINERIES
Canning is a food preservation method where selected raw materials are prepared, packed into containers such as tin, glass, or plastic jars, and sealed airtight. The contents are then heated to a sufficient temperature to destroy spoilage and pathogenic agents within the container, followed by rapid cooling to prevent overcooking. Canning extends the shelf life of foods, ranging typically from one to five years, with some products like freeze-dried lentils lasting up to 30 years.
Can Manufacturing Machinery and Equipment
• Can Body Reformer: Can bodies are often supplied collapsed to save space and ease transportation. The can body reformer shapes them into cylindrical forms, preparing them for further processing.
• Flanger: The cylindrical can bodies are flanged by the flanger, which has two flanging dyes. These dyes form grooves at the edges, preparing the cans for sealing.
• Seaming Machine: The seaming machine is used to close the open end of the can. It features a base plate to hold the can and an upper plate that presses the lid onto the can. The machine uses two seaming rollers (first and second) to seal the can tightly.
• Can Leakage Tester: After sealing, the cans are tested for leakage by immersion in water. If any leakage is detected due to improper sealing, it indicates that the can is faulty.
• Flange Rectifier: Cans that have been bent, deformed, or crushed during the flanging process are rectified using the flange rectifier machine, ensuring the cans are in proper shape for sealing.
• Can Coding Machine (Embossing Machine): This machine embosses codes on the cans, which include the product name, manufacturer details, and production date. It ensures proper identification and traceability of the product.c

The operation and maintenance of Dal Mills and Oil Mills are crucial components in ensuring the efficient processing of pulses and oilseeds. These mills play a significant role in the food processing industry, where the transformation of raw pulses and seeds into consumable products is vital for meeting the needs of consumers worldwide. The proper functioning of these mills requires a wellstructured operation strategy, which includes careful planning and execution of each process from raw material intake to the final product output. For Dal Mills, the primary operation involves cleaning, de-hulling, splitting, and polishing pulses, while for Oil Mills, the process revolves around seed cleaning, pressing, and extraction of oil from oilseeds like sunflower, soybean, and groundnut. Maintenance is a critical aspect of ensuring the smooth operation of these mills. Regular maintenance schedules, including inspection of machinery, replacement of worn-out parts, and calibration of equipment, help prevent costly breakdowns and extend the life of the machines. Preventive maintenance practices also contribute to the overall efficiency of the mill by minimizing downtime and optimizing energy consumption. Furthermore, the quality of the final product is closely tied to the condition of the milling machines. Proper maintenance ensures the production of high-quality dal and oil that meet industry standards and consumer expectations. The effective management of both operational processes and maintenance procedures is essential for the profitability and sustainability of Dal and Oil Mills. Skilled personnel, adherence to safety guidelines, and a proactive approach to troubleshooting and repairing equipment are key to achieving consistent output and high product quality. This chapter will delve into the specifics of the operation and maintenance practices required to run Dal Mills and Oil Mills efficiently, providing insights into best practices, challenges, and solutions that contribute to the overall success of these milling operations.

The operation and maintenance of dehusking, dehulling, degerming, and drying equipment are crucial in ensuring the efficiency and longevity of these machines in grain and seed processing industries. These machines play a vital role in removing husks, hulls, and germs from grains, as well as reducing moisture content to enhance storage stability. Proper handling and regular maintenance not only improve performance but also reduce downtime and operational costs. Dehuskers are used to remove the outer husk from grains like paddy and millet. Their efficiency depends on factors such as roller pressure, feed rate, and machine alignment. Routine maintenance involves checking for wear and tear on rollers, adjusting pressure settings, and ensuring that all moving parts are well-lubricated. Similarly, dehullers remove the outer shell of seeds and grains, requiring careful calibration to avoid excessive grain breakage. Blade sharpness, motor performance, and sieve integrity should be regularly inspected to ensure optimal functioning. Degermers are employed to separate the germ from the endosperm in grains like maize. This process enhances the shelf life of processed products and improves their quality. Regular maintenance of degermers involves inspecting the abrasion plates, checking the feed rate, and ensuring that airflow mechanisms are clear of obstructions. Any malfunction can lead to uneven separation, affecting the final product quality. Dryers are essential in reducing the moisture content of grains to prevent microbial growth and spoilage. They require proper temperature control, uniform airflow, and regular cleaning of heat exchangers and drying chambers. Overheating or under-drying can compromise the grain quality and lead to storage losses. Timely inspections of sensors, air ducts, and burner efficiency help maintain effective drying operations. A well-planned operation and maintenance routine ensures these machines function optimally, increasing productivity and product quality while reducing energy consumption and repair costs.