eChapters

Introduction

Today, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global issue, contributing to rise in mortality and cost of treatment. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the resistance of a microorganism against an antimicrobial agent to which it was originally sensitive (WHO, 2013). Dispersion of antibiotics is done at large scale, in India even sometimes without any proper prescription. Animal Husbandry is not untouched and antibiotics are used to a great extent, which needs enforcement of strict government rules and regulations for their use in f ield conditions (PHFI, 2011).

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that hydrolyse most of the β-lactam antibiotics and thus mediate resistance to penicillins, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins (Saravanan et al., 2018). Beta-lactamase inhibitors, inhibit these ESBLs such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam and tazobactam (Trott, 2013). The genes encoding for these enzymes are commonly found both on the chromosomes and plasmids among Enterobacteriaceae family (Kotsoana et al., 2019).

Among Enterobacteriacae, E. coli and Klebsiella species are main environmental pathogens associated with various illnesses such as acute bovine mastitis (Koovapra, 2015), pathogenic E. coli with diarrhoea and extra intestinal infections in humans and animals (Levine et al., 1987), K. pneumoniae with respiratory and urinary tract as well as bloodstream infections (Daehre et al., 2018). Resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactams occurs mainly in members of Enterobacteriaceae family through plasmids encoded ESBL genes. (Sharma et al., 2010).

Abstract

Himachal Pradesh has achieved a transformation in the horticulture sector during the last fifty years. The total area under fruits, which was only 793 hectares in 1950 has increased to 1.82 lakh Hectares during 2003-04, out of which temperate fruits alone cover an area of 1.20 lakh hectares. Fruit production has also increased from 1200 M.T. in 1950 to 6.92 lakh MT during 2004-05, with temperate fruits accounting for 5.92 lakh MT.  Around 4.64 lakh farmers are estimated to be involved in the fruit production programme and the fruit industry generates a gross domestic income of about Rs. 1000 crores annually. The existing problems and constraints have been identified and the remedial measures required to provide the desired impetus to the horticulture industry of the State, elaborated.

Introduction

The maritime industry, a cornerstone of global trade and commerce, has always been a complex and challenging domain. With the vastness of the world's oceans and the diversity of activities that take place within them, effective monitoring and management of maritime activities are crucial. This is where Systems for Monitoring Vessels come into play. VMS are a form of satellite based surveillance system designed to monitor the location, course, and speed of vessels. They provide real-time data to maritime authorities, contributing to the safety, security, and sustainability of marine operations.

1. Introduction 
The intersection of nanotechnology and microalgal biodiesel production presents a compelling avenue for addressing the pressing challenges of sustainability, energy security, and environmental conservation (Cai et al., 2021a). Microalgae, microscopic photosynthetic organisms, have emerged as a promising source for biodiesel due to their high lipid content, rapid growth rates, and potential for cultivation in diverse environments as compare to other sources as given in Fig. 1. However, the commercialization of microalgal biodiesel has been hampered by various limitations, including low lipid productivity, inefficient harvesting techniques, and high production costs. Nanotechnology, with its ability to manipulate materials at the nanoscale, offers innovative solutions to enhance various stages of microalgal biodiesel production. From cultivation to processing, nanomaterials and nanodevices hold the potential to optimize efficiency, increase yields, and reduce environmental impacts. By improving light penetration, nutrient delivery, and CO2 utilization, nanotechnology-enabled systems enhance microalgal growth and lipid accumulation (Li et al., 2019; Cai et al., 2021b). Moreover, nanoscale structures facilitate the development of efficient harvesting methods, minimizing energy consumption and water usage. In biodiesel processing, nanocatalysts exhibit superior catalytic activity, enabling faster reaction times and higher yields in transesterification processes. Nanostructured membranes enhance the purification and separation of biodiesel, ensuring high-quality end products with minimal impurities. Despite these advancements, challenges such as scalability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental sustainability of nanotechnology-based microalgal biodiesel production persist (Zhao et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2019). This chapter aims to provide an overview of the current status and future prospects of integrating nanotechnology into microalgal biodiesel production. Through a 2 | Nanotools for Microalgal Biodiesel Production comprehensive analysis of recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities, we seek to elucidate the potential of nanotechnology to drive the commercialization and widespread adoption of sustainable microalgal biodiesel. By fostering interdisciplinary collaborations and leveraging emerging technologies, we can pave the way towards a more sustainable and energy-efficient future.

Abstract

India has now become the largest producer of fruits after China by producing 45.2 million tones of fruits from 3.78 million hectare area (NHB, 2004). India is first in the production of mango, banana, sapota and acid lime. India has also recorded highest productivity in grapes, sapota and acid lime in the world. India produces about 40 fruits commercially; however, the major share is from tropical and subtropical fruits like mango (28.17%), banana (29.43%), citrus (15.56 %), guava (3.97%) and grapes (2.76 %). Among temperate fruits apple has maximum area and production and 2. 98 % share in total production. Temperate fruits growing in India spread over some 18 states. These states are categorized into 3 major regions, namely, Northern Western Himalayan Region (NWHR), North Eastern Himalayan Region (NEHR) and other hilly areas.

Abstract

Sikkim is part of the eastern Himalayan hotspot. Rich biological diversity of the region is owing to its wide range of topography, varied climatic condition and high annual precipitation, inhabited by three major ethnic communities, the Lepchas, Bhutias and Nepalese. With its unique ethno-cultural diversity and equally rich Phyto-diversity, the region holds an immense ethno-botanical knowledge and potential. The collection of food, fodder, fuel wood, timber, herbs for folk medicine from wild is an integral and deep-rooted cultural component and for sustaining socio-economic condition of the people. Medicinal plants of this region have potential for value addition as well as domestication. The folk medicine practices of three ethnic groups are different, but in general there are strong beliefs system in relation of folk medicine with supernatural forces and deities; local people consider its mountain peaks, forest, lakes as sacred hence it helps in sustainable management of its natural resources traditionally. Developments activities, urbanization, overexploitation of important plants and not giving due importance to the traditional knowledge in the past decades leads to the potential depletion in wild and that bring concern for their conservation. A proper strategic plan is needed for conservation of these valuable resources and promoting the indigenous traditional knowledge for sustainable development. Conservation-linked with people participation has been initiated in Sikkim through Sikkim State biodiversity board (SSBB), with its biodiversity management committees (BMCs), and local activist and stakeholders. The research institution of the region and researcher from outside has contributed immensely in documentations of the ethno-botanical knowledge and phyto-diversity of this region. This chapter reviews the current status of traditional ethno-botanical knowledge system of Sikkim state and highlights the current scenario of biological diversity; conservation practices, threats and challenges.

Introduction

Yak is a main source of livelihood for the high altitude residents in Ladakh. The domestic yak (Bos grunniens) is a long haired domesticated bovine found throughout the Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent as well as in the Tibetan plateau, Mongolia and Russia. They are originated from the wild yaks. Yaks are belonging to the genus Bos. The yak is the only bovine species (ruminant) which resides in the high hills of the Himalayas even at altitudes of 6000 meters above the mean sea level. The normal living range of yak is at 3000 to 4500 meters height from the mean sea level which are tree less uplands. Similar to domestic cattle and goat, Chromosomes number of yak is 60. Zoological name of yak is Poephagus grunniens or Bos grunniens.

Distribution

The distribution of Yak is majorly found in Northern Ladakh, the plateau of Tibet and part of the Kansu province in China. Within India, yak mostly found in Changechenmo valley in Ladak and spiti valleys of Himachal Pradesh, and also in North Eastern states, particularly in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Nagaland. Small number of yaks is also found in Garhwal district of Uttar Pradesh. It is native in Tibet country as well as surrounding countries in Central Asia. The yak is also found in Pakistan, Northern Afghanisthan, Bhutan, Mongolia and in China.

Introduction

Vegetables are the vital sources of minerals, vitamins and dietary fibres and play an important role in supplying nutrition to human health. Vegetables require comparatively lesser quantities of agro-inputs to grow. Vegetables are rich source of vitamins, minerals and plant fibres which provide food and nutritional security. These also generate high income and employment, particularly for small farmers. Vegetables being a rich and cheap source of vitamins and minerals, occupy an important place in the food basket of Indian consumers, a majority of whom are vegetarian. This persistent vegetarianism coupled with rising per capita income is fuelling a rapid growth in consumption of vegetables. Presently, India is producing more then 70 types of vegetables which are capable of meet out the economic and nutritional requirement of the country (Table 1). There has been a revolution in the production of vegetables in the country in the last four decades.

Introduction

According to research released not too long ago by the United Nations, the population of the entire planet is expected to reach around 8 billion by the end of the year 2022. As a consequence, the future demand for the production and distribution of food must be satisfied to provide sustenance for the expanding population of the world and to alleviate human suffering. However, in countries like India, food is wasted at an alarmingly high rate every year because there are insufficient facilities for cooling and storing food once it has been harvested. The majority of the losses began on the farm level since the fresh produce, which requires fast refrigeration after harvest in large quantities, was unable to be given, which led to the spoilage of the food. It is especially vital to shorten the amount of time between harvesting and first cooling to slow down the rate at which newly harvested fruits and vegetables breathe out carbon dioxide and exhale it. When keeping fresh fruits and vegetables, the two most important controlling parameters are temperature and relative humidity. These two factors work together to minimize the amount of water that is lost and to keep the product quality from deteriorating. Following their preferred ranges of temperature and relative humidity, fruits and vegetables can be divided into the following categories: (Table 15.1). For the objectives of on-farm cooling, the majority of fresh fruits and vegetables that are classified as belonging to groups 1 and 2 need to be concentrated, which necessitates maintaining an ideal temperature of less than 10°C and a relative humidity of more than 90%.

Haemoprotozoan parasites are responsible for causing severe infections in humans as well as animals across the world. The important hemoprotozoan diseases of livestock are trypanosomosis, theileriosis, babesiosis, and
anaplasmosis, which are caused by several species of Trypanosoma, Theileria, Babesia, and Anaplasma, respectively, in several species of livestock. These diseases caused huge impact on health and productivity of livestock as well as human beings and causes great economic losses to the livestock production n terms of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In India, the annual economic loss has been esteemed in the livestock due to theileriosis, babesiosis and trypanosomosis of Rs 8426 crore, Rs 4000 crore and Rs 4474 core, respectively. The major clinical signs of the haemoprotozoan disease varies from fever, anorexia, anaemia, abortion, and even death in the acute form of infections. The symptomatological treatment is a quite common practice in the field condition to treat the animals suspected with haemoprotozon infection leading to the development of resistance in animals to currently available drugs against haemoprotozoans. The accurate and prompt diagnosis of haemoprotozoan infection is a key to control these diseases. Routine diagnosis of haemoprotozoan infection has been rely on clinical findings and microscopical demonstration of the infective parasitic stages in the blood or tissue fluid smear. Conventional diagnostic techniques such as Microscopical examination techniques and Immunological assay provide the definite clues about parasitic infections in general, but these tests have some limitations.

1. Introduction
Green chemistry represents a transformative approach to chemical research and industrial practice, emphasizing the design of products and processes that minimize environmental impact and enhance sustainability. Introduced by Paul Anastas and John Warner in 1998, the field is grounded in the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry, which provide a framework for reducing waste, improving energy efficiency, and minimizing the use of hazardous substances. These principles guide chemists in creating safer, more sustainable processes across various industries (Dichiarante et al., 2010).
1.1. Green Chemistry Defined
At its core, green chemistry seeks to reduce or eliminate the generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemical products. Unlike traditional environmental protection strategies, which often focus on managing waste and emissions after they have been created, green chemistry aims to prevent pollution at the source. This preventive approach is not only environmentally beneficial but also economically advantageous, as it can lead to cost savings through more efficient use of resources (Basics of Green Chemistry, 2013).
1.2. The Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry
The Twelve Principles, which include waste prevention, atom economy, the use of safer solvents, and the design for energy efficiency, serve as the foundation for green chemistry practices. These principles encourage chemists to rethink traditional methods and to innovate in ways that reduce the environmental footprint of chemical processes. For example, the principle of atom economy focuses on designing reactions that incorporate all reactants into the final product, minimizing waste and maximizing efficiency (12 Principles of Green Chemistry, 2021).

Current Trends in Fruit Exports from India

Fruit culture in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the Harappan civilization when datepalm, pomegranate and lemon were domesticated. Fruits such as aonla, bael, jackfruit, karonda, phalsa, mango, pomegranate, almond, walnut and pistachio are mentioned in Charaka Samhita (300 BC) and Sushruta Samhita (400 BC), the oldest known texts on ayurveda. Owing to diverse agro climatic conditions, India can produce a wide range of tropical, subtropical, arid and temperate fruits. In the past few decades, India had made rapid strides in fruit production and is currently the second largest producer of fruits in the world, next only to China. The annual production is estimated to be about 81 million tonnes for about 12.6% of the total world production. However, India’s share in the global export of fresh fruits is less than 5 per cent. The major fruits exported in terms of quantity are grape, mango, banana and pomegranate. In value terms, grapes and mango earn the maximum foreign exchange for India.

Curriculum Design and Confidence Building, delves into the foundational elements that constitute an effective educational framework while simultaneously nurturing learners’ self-assurance and belief in their abilities. This chapter posits that a robust curriculum goes beyond the mere transmission of knowledge; it actively fosters an environment where students are empowered to learn, grow, and develop a strong sense of confidence in their learning journey (Fig.4.1). To achieve this dual objective, this chapter outlines the essential criteria and principles that underpin both thoughtful curriculum design and the intentional integration of confidence-building strategies.
• This chapter will first explore the fundamental criteria for curriculum design, emphasizing the need for a balanced, rigorous, coherent, vertically integrated, appropriate, focused, and relevant curriculum. We will detail key principles such as the principle of student centeredness, which places the learner at the heart of all curriculum decisions, ensuring that the curriculum caters to their diverse needs, interests, and developmental stages. Furthermore, the chapter will elaborate on the principle of totality of experiences, advocating for a curriculum that encompasses not only academic subjects but also the broader learning experiences within the educational setting.
• Beyond these core principles, we will discuss the importance of flexibility and adaptability in curriculum design, allowing for adjustments based on evolving needs and contexts. The principle of integration will be examined, highlighting the benefits of connecting different subjects and learning experiences to foster a holistic understanding. The chapter will also

A Master’s program in Agricultural Meteorology offers a deep dive into the intersection of atmospheric science and agricultural practices. Individuals who choose this path have often previously explored the intricate relationship between weather, climate, and crop cultivation, demonstrating a keen interest in how environmental factors shape agriculture. The decision to pursue a Master’s degree in this field signifies a commitment to acquiring specialized knowledge and skills essential for understanding and addressing the meteorological influences on agricultural systems.
Such a program serves as a focused immersion into the specific knowledge and abilities required to effectively analyze and navigate the meteorological aspects of agricultural production. Prospective students may have backgrounds in meteorology, agriculture, environmental science, or related disciplines, and their initial explorations might have touched upon topics like controlled environment agriculture, microclimate management in different agricultural settings, the impact of atmospheric conditions on plant and animal systems, and the effects of extreme weather events on agricultural outputs.
The structure of a Master’s program in Agricultural Meteorology is typically designed as a comprehensive educational expedition. An initial overview usually outlines the program’s key components: the curriculum that dictates the core areas of study, the coursework that provides the necessary tools and knowledge, the detailed content covered within various courses, and the academic and career counseling services that offer guidance throughout the student’s journey.
The field itself is inherently interdisciplinary, drawing on foundational principles from meteorology, climatology, and diverse agricultural sciences. A Master’s curriculum builds a strong knowledge framework by exploring advanced atmospheric physics and dynamics, which provides a sophisticated understanding of weather patterns and climate variability. Simultaneously, it enhances the student’s comprehension of plant physiology, crop science, soil science, and other agricultural disciplines, enabling an effective analysis of how meteorological factors affect crop growth, development, yield, and overall quality.
• The relevance of Agricultural Meteorology is increasingly critical in the face of global climate change (Fig.5.1). Master’s studies in this area equip individuals with the specialized knowledge to analyze climate change impacts on agriculture, contribute to the development of adaptation

6.1. Origin and distribution

• The plant originated in the Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh, India, and at present it is cultivated in Burma, Ceylon, China, Australia and the Pacific Islands.

6.2. Economic importance

• Curry leaves are a rich source of vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin B2, calcium, and iron, apart from a heavy distinctive odor and pungent taste.

• It helps in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, morning sickness, and nausea by adding curry leaves to your meals.

6.3. Varieties

• Sen Kaampa, Dharwad-1 and Dharwad-2

6.4. Soil and climate

• Red sandy loam soils with good drainage are ideal for better leaf yield.

• Optimum temperature is 26° to 37°C.

Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii Spreng. Syn. Bergera koenigii Koen (N.O Aurantiaceae), Chaleas koenigii Curz ex. Swingle) is a perennial leaf vegetable. It belongs to family Rutaceae. Its genus name ‘Murraya’commemorates John Adam Murray, Professor of Botany at Gottingen and editor of many of Linnaeus’s works. (Fyson, 1977).

Origin and Distribution

The crop originated in the tarai tract of Uttar Pradesh (India), in the foothills of the Himalayas. Wild forms with less pungent leaves are seen along the plains and hills of Himalayas extending from Kumaon to Sikkim, in Bengal, Assam, Deccan plateau and in Western Ghats. At present, it is cultivated in Myanmar, SriLanka, China, Australia and Pacific Islands. The curry leaf grows throughout India including the Andaman Islands up to an altitude of 1500 m amol (Wealth of India, 1962). Dastur (1970) recorded its wild form in Garhwal hills in Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, Central India, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.  Used as a flavourant and as a leaf vegetable by the early inhabitants, Dravidians, curry leaf was introduced to Southern India when the Dravidians moved southward after the arrival of Aryans from Persia. It is a backyard crop in many of the South Indian homesteads.  The spicy leaves of plants are used extensively for seasoning and flavouring dishes.

English name : Curry leaf
Botanical name : Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Sprengel
Family : Rutaceae
Chromosome number : 2n = 18
Centre of origin : India
Curry leaves come from the aromatic, often deciduous herb or small tree Murraya koenigii (Linn) Sprengel, which belongs to the Rutaceae family. They are widely used in cooking to enhance the flavour of dishes, although their nutritional value is often ignored, as they are typically discarded after being used as a spice.
The fresh weight composition of curry leaves includes 66.3% moisture, 6.1% protein, 1.0% fat (ether extract), 16.0% carbohydrate, 6.4% fibre, 3.1% iron, 4.2% mineral matter, 810 mg of calcium, 600 mg of phosphorus, 12,600 IU of carotene (vitamin A), 2.3 mg of nicotinic acid, and 40 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams. While the leaves lack thiamine and riboflavin, they are a rich vitamin A and calcium source. However, their nutritional availability is reduced due to the high oxalic acid content (1.35%, with 1.15% being soluble oxalates).

6.1 Introduction

Scientists and engineers have an experimental data of various variables in an experiment. To know the facts and to formulate related theories, they need exact relationship between such variables. So, they require the exact function which defines the outputs with introducing the inputs. For example,

Ohm’s law: which states that voltage of a circuit is proportional to the current flowing in it i.e.

Definition: A fracture is a dissolution of bony continuity with or without displacement of the fragments.

Different stages of fracture: Inflammatory phase, reparative phase, and remodelling phase.

Fundamental steps

Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.), also known as sitaphal, sharifa, sugar apple  is a  nutritious, edible fruit of  family Annonaceae. It is a drought hardy, deciduous fruit tree and most suitable for dry land horticulture. Annonaceous fruits originated in tropical America and are widely distributed in tropics and sub tropics. Among Annona fruits, custard apple is the most favourite in our country. Its plants come up unattended in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Due to hardy nature and escape from animal’s damage, this plant species is grown in different tropical and sub-tropical regions of the country. Of late, custard apple has gained commercial significance and exclusive orchards are emerging in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan. A wide range of genetic diversity is available in Anonaceous fruits in many parts of country. It is naturally grown in Aravali belt especially in Udaipur, Sirohi district of Rajasthan and its potential should be exploited for improvement (Chundawat, 1990). The plant of this species is shrub or small size tree and very important in both horticulture and in ethno-botanical use. However, the maximum area of its cultivation is in Maharashtra and Karnataka  state. The area are being expanded because of its  prospects in semi arid and  dry parts of the country.

Genus Annona belonging to the family Annonaceae, contains more than seventy species of woody shrubs and trees, all of which produce aggregate fleshy fruits. Of these only a few produce edible fruits of commercial importance. Of all, Annona squamosa L. is probably the most popular fruit. It is also known as ‘Sitaphal’ or ‘Shariffa’. These can withstand drought better than many other fruit trees. Other species of the genus Annona providing edible fruits are A. reticulata L., A. muricata L., and A. cherimola L.

Custard Apple (Annona squamosa Linn.)

The custard apple, Annona squamosa L., also known as sweet-sop or sugar apple, is almost entirely eaten as a dessert fruit. Its pulp may be mixed with milk to form milk shake or made into ice-cream. The pulp has a pleasant texture and flavour. Several products like -squash, nectar, pulp butter, syrup, jam can be made from the pulp.

Custard apple is native to tropical America (Mexico). It is cultivated in Australia, Brazil, Chile, Egypt, India, Israel, Myanmar, Mexico, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, South Africa, West Indies, USA and Cuba. In India it is popular in Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Asssam, Bihar and West Bengal.

Cultivars: The cultivars vary in their shape, size, colour and eating quality. Some of the cultivars are Balanagar, Sangareddy Local, Chittorgarh, Barbados, British Guinea, Mammoth, Red Sitaphal, Yellow Sitaphal, Custard Apple Selection-1, Custard Apple Selection -2. Arka Sahan is a hybrid developed by ICAR-IIHR, Bangalore.

The custard apple is believed to be a native of the West Indies but it was carried in early times to southern Mexico through Central America. The custard apple, is generally rated as “ugly duckling” species among the prominent members of the genus Annona. It is sometimes erroneously termed “sugar apple” or “sweetsop”. The custard-apple is also called bullock’s heart or bull’s heart. The name “Custard Apple” is due to its custard like taste. The fruit has a peculiar aroma which makes a sweet drink and can be used as a milk substitute. Custard apple fruit with a sugary, grainy taste is rich in calories. The fruits are packed with vitamins (A, B and C) and minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium and potassium). The fruit flesh can be scooped from the skin and eaten as is or served with light cream and a sprinkling of sugar. Often it is pressed through a sieve and added to milk shakes, custards or ice cream.

Mealy bugs: Ferrisia virgata, Planococcous lilacinus, P. pacificus, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Perisopneumon ferox: Pseudococcidae

The fruit is seen covered with a mealy coating due to colonies of small reddish-white mealy bugs. They also infest leaves, shoots and buds. Due to sucking of sap by nymphs and adult female mealy bugs, fruits remain small in size and become shrivelled. Large number of mealy bugs is seen in the tip of the petiole abd also on the grooves of fruits epicarp. The fruit also becomes blackish due to the development of sooty mould.

Custard apple (Sitaphal) is one of the most delicious fruit. The genus name, ‘Annona’ is comes from the Latin word ‘anon’, which means ‘yearly produce’ has three species namely Annona squamosa, Annona cherimola and Annona reticulate. Out of which Annona squamosa has been extensively used as fruit crop and traditional medicine for different ailments. The seeds and the leaves also are being used for preparation of medicine. It is hardy, tolerant to drought, salinity and saline irrigation water to certain extent. It grows very well in shallow soil profile. It also sheds off leaves during stress condition to evade moisture loss from plant tissue through transpiration. This crop is known by varied name like sitaphal, shariffa and sugar apple.

Origin and Distribution

The custard apple is believed to be a native of the West Indies but it was carried in early times through Central America to southern Mexico. It has long been cultivated and naturalized as far south as Peru and Brazil. It is commonly grown in the Bahamas and occasionally in Bermuda and southern Florida. Apparently it was introduced into tropical Africa early in the 17th century and it is grown in South Africa as a dooryard fruit tree. In India the tree is cultivated, especially around Calcutta, and runs wild in many areas.

Introduction

Indigenous peoples established distinct systems of knowledge, innovation and customary practices from their centuries old interactions with the local biodiversity and environment, relating to the uses and management of local natural resources. Today, this knowledge is looked as an important resource for research and development in different areas such as pharmaceuticals, agriculture, veterinary, jewelry, fashion and cosmetic products. This has led to rampant exploitation of such knowledge disregarding the customary practices and rules of indigenous peoples holding and preserving such knowledge as well as the biodiversity and natural resources. As a consequence, the traditional knowledge is under threat of being misappropriated or lost.

Introduction

Artificial intelligence is an effective technology that makes it possible for computers and other devices to simulate human intellectual abilities and ability to solve problems. Comprehensive study on artificial intelligence may be traced back to Alan Turing’s development of the renowned Turing Test in the 1950s, which examined whether machines are capable of thinking. (Turing, 1950), and John McCarthy came up with the phrase “artificial intelligence” in 1955 when he organised the 1956 Dartmouth Summer AI Research Project. They suggest that “making a machine behave in ways that would be called smart if a human were doing so” is an issue with AI (McCarthy et al., 1955). Compared to humans, artificial intelligence can analyse data, both organised and unstructured, substantially faster and more accurately.

Cut greens are essential components of floral arrangements, providing structure, contrast, visual balance and supporting foliage around flowers. This chapter introduces commercially important cut foliage crops and explains their ornamental and economic significance. It covers species such as Adiantum, Aglaonema, Alocasia, Alpinia, Anthurium, Asparagus and Aspidistra, together with their cultivation requirements. Climate, shade, soil, irrigation, nutrition, weed management, pests and diseases are discussed along with harvesting, postharvest treatments, pulsing solutions and vase life. The chapter demonstrates how commercial cut-green production can complement flower enterprises and provide additional income opportunities for floriculture growers.

Materials Required

Canned product, weighing balance, can cutter, vacuum/pressure guage, seam checking guage, Refractometer / Salometer etc. 

Procedure

    1.    Take a canned product say canned peach.
    2.    Record the weight of the can (A)
    3.    Record the information marked on the label i.e net  weight, date of packing, etc
    4.    Observe the can externally for the concavity of the lid.
    5.    Record the vacuum of the can by using a vacuum guage
    6.    Cut the lid of the can with a can cutter
    7.    Record the head space
    8.    Put all the contents over a sieve and let the liquid drain
    9.    Record the weight of empty can (B) to calculate net contents
    10.    Record the drained weight of the pieces.
    11.    Record whether the liquid is syrup or brine
    12.    Record the TSS of the salometer reading of the liquid (as the case may be)

34.1. Aim

To conduct cut out analysis of canned fruits and vegetable products.

34.2. Theory

Cut out examination of canned products is conducted to evaluate the product whether confirming to FSSAI standards or not. Canned fruit and vegetables are evaluated for presence of vacuum or pressure in the can, drained weight, total soluble solids, presence or absence of preservative, internal condition of can product contents and presence or absence of fermentation for ensuring microbiological safety.

A cut-out examination is conducted for the evaluation of canned fruit and vegetables and other products for various quality attributes, viz., physical, chemical, sensory, and microbiological attributes. The examination is conducted by following the undermentioned steps: External/physical examination of unopened Can
1. External Appearance of the tin can: Note the external condition of the tin can like dents, rusty spots, scratches, leakage around seams, and the condition of ends. Based on external appearance describe the condition of the tin can by using the following terms:
i. Flat Can: A can where both ends are concave. The vacuum is high enough to maintain the ends concave.
ii. Flipper Can: A can where the vacuum is so low that mechanical shock will produce distortion of one or both ends.
iii. Springer Can: A can in which one end is distorted and the other end is flat and pressure on the convex end will cause the flat end to spring out when pressed.

Cutaneous lymphoma has two types viz. Epitheliotropic and non- epitheliotropic. Epitheliotropic lymphoma (mycosis fungoides) is mostly seen in the skin which is characterized by erythema, pruritus, alopecia, scaling, erosion and ulceration. It mostly occurs in plaques or nodules (Figure 80). Non-epitheliotropic lymphomas are observed as nodules. They are usually sheets of nodules seen in the deep dermal and subcutaneous tissue.

The mast cell tumors are focal or multicentric in nature in the skin and occasionally in the internal organs. It is more common in middle aged dogs without sex predilection.

It is more common in old dogs and also mostly observed in the cutaneous region of trunk and legs.

Grossly, the tumour appears as solitary to multiple masses as white, pink to red, smooth, and raised nodules. Alopecia and ulceration are also observed. It is mostly observed in the pinna and digits.

Today, we have spoons made of different sizes and materials such as metal, wood, plastic, ceramic or a combination of two or more materials. The most popular material is the stainless steel. Spoons are used primarily for eating liquid or semi-liquid foods, such as soup, stew or ice cream, and very small or powdery solid items which cannot be easily lifted with a fork, such as rice, sugar, cereals and green peas.

Meat cutting and fabrication is a skilled process in which separation of carcass into wholesale primal cuts is done to facilitate meat trade requirements, consumer preference and easy handling to the butchers. The person engaged in cutting and fabrication of carcass cuts must be skilled and expert in their job. He/she must have the expert knowledge of carcass configurations and location of retail cuts in animal carcasses. To obtain good quality retail cuts, carcass should be essentially chilled and temperature of meat cutting room should be 15-20oC with relative humidity of about 80%.

Introduction

Resources are used unscientifically commonly. For example applying feed somewhere in the pond results in loss, but by using technology, we can know when to apply where to apply, and how to apply which leads to efficient management of resources. Monitoring should be continuous which is not possible and very difficult for humans, but with technology, it could be monitored and the status could be known even from home which is communicated through mobile, which is sent by sensors installed. The data are also easily maintained. When technology is used, resources are efficiently utilized, since everything has a demand and that can be satisfied. So resources can easily be maintained which reduces wastage. Field management is a very skilled activity and it needs years of experience and onsite exposure which needs skilled labour, in such cases technologies aids with better methodologies. When the resources are applied at the right time, at the right amount, the growth becomes normal which increases the produce quality. After a product is produced, it has to be sent to a series of channels such as transport, market etc. and a technology should backup and monitor everything. The produce after being produced should be sold and many apps can be downloaded to improve the marketing. The whole world is changing within a period of time. So one should stay updated to impress the livelihood and the wide knowledge on technology helps to lead a better life with easy management practices. Thus data driven technology interventions are needed for efficient management of resources, monitoring of things anytime & anywhere, reduction of wastage of resources, reduction of dependence on trained and skilled manpower, enhanced product quality, better integration, better marketability, to stay updated with latest knowledge and access to other knowledge source for better upgrades.

ABSTRACT

With the rapid innovation in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), the libraries and information centres have gone through tremendous changes or facing transformation. In this digital era, libraries are facing heavy technological pressure to serve their users on their satisfaction level. Library and information professionals are also struggling more to implement these cutting-edge technologies for learning, research, and information for their users. Therefore, the library and information centres have now been trying to adopt and implementing various emerging or cutting-edge technologies in housekeeping activities as well as in its services. In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate some of the cutting-edge technologies in libraries’ point of view. An overview is also made to evaluate the concept, advantages and disadvantages of cutting-edge technologies.

Keywords: ICT, Cutting-Edge technology, Emerging technology, Library services, Impact.

? Cyanogenetic plants contain hydrocyanic acid or cyanogenic glycosides.

? Two forms of cyanide in plants- HCN( free form) and cyanogenic glycoside(bound form).HCN released from glycosides by physical disruption (mastication, trampling) , stress (drought, frost) or the action of an Hydrolyzing enzyme present in ruminal microflora beta glycosides and hydroxynitrile lyase.

? One of the most common plants poisoning among the grazing livestock.

? Cattle and buffaloes are most susceptible. Sheep and goats are less susceptible.

? Monogastric animals (pig, Horse) are relatively resistant due to destruction of the glycosides by the gastric activity.

? Poisoning occurs when HCN content in plants is high and ingestion of large amount of the plants in short period of time.

? Starved or underfed animal also ingest large amount of plants. Poisoning may also occur due to accidental ingestion of potassium cyanide.

Principle

Cyanide is distilled from chloroform and water soultion into KOH solution, forming potassium cyanide. KCN is titrated with silver nitrate; 2 KCN + AgNO₃ = KCN. AgCN + KNO₃. An excess of AgNO₃ produces insoluble AgCN, which is the end point of titration.

1. Introduction
1.1. The Growing Problem of Pesticide Pollution
Pesticides are used in very great amounts in agricultural production for theprotection of crops against pests, diseases and weeds. They are also veryinstrumental in boosting agricultural productivity by ensuring food securityand preventing losses that may be caused by outbreaks of pests (Popp et al.,2013). However, the extensive use of pesticides has generally resulted in hugeenvironmental concerns. Improperlymanaged pesticide residues may remainin soil, water and even air for many years and create severe ecological andhealth hazards in the long run (Zhang et al., 2024). This widespread existenceof pesticides in the environment has raised a serious alarm concerning theiradverse impacts on biodiversity, soil fertility and quality of water, furtherbioaccumulation in the food chain that affects wildlife and human populations(Aktar et al., 2009).

ABSTRACT

Microalgae in general and Cyanobacteria in particular are considered to be ideal biotechnological tools for their importance in the production of food, feed, fuel, fertilizers, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals and their role in pollution abatement. So far, only 20 strains of microalgae have been cultivated for industrial purposes. To make use of more such organisms, it is essential to first identify their biodiversity in the naturally occurring populations and establish their germplasm for further characterization. With this in view, a detailed survey was made to study the biodiversity of Cyanobacteria in the Veeranam lake soil microflora in the Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. Influence of physico-chemical parameters habitat preferences of these soil microalgae, and their light and Electron microscopic features have been documented. The selected species of Cyanophyceae were subjected to energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis (EDS). They were found to accumulate different elements such as Zn, P, Mg, Ca, Mn, S and N. Thus these observations would determine the chemical dialogue between the cell structures and role of the elements. Further, it gives the clue about the soil microflora growth requirements.

Introduction

Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are the group of most primitive prokaryotes that have been observed in proterozoic era. Many Proterozoic oil deposits are attributed to the activity of Cyanobacteria, such as Gloeocapsomorpha. Small concentrically layered structures called pisolites are also the result of fossilized bacteria.

Access to information and improved communication is a crucial requirement for sustainable agricultural development. Modern communication technologies when applied to conditions in rural areas can help improve communication, increase participation, disseminate information and share knowledge and skills. It is being said that “Cyber Extension” would be the major form of technology dissemination in the near future. However it is observed that the rural population still have difficulty in accessing crucial information in order to make timely decisions. It is essential that information availability is demand driven rather than supply driven. The challenge is not only to improve the accessibility of communication technology to the rural population but also to improve its relevance to local development.

The advent of INTERNET on communication scenario offers enormous potential for two-way on-line communication between distant parties via the telecommunication and computer network spread over the entire globe. The world is rapidly shrinking to a ‘global village’ which some courageously even call a ‘global family’. The merger of communication (audio and video) and computer technology has suddenly made this combination so powerful that no sector of human activity can afford to ignore it. Right from high security defense systems, space research, engineering and educational applications the INTERNET has found users in petty shopkeepers and small service agencies. In countries like Singapore, you can book a taxi via e-mail and the concerned taxi driver is able to confirm your booking, while he is still driving.

ABSTRACT

Recent advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the way we live, learn and interact.  They have transformed the way knowledge is produced, processed, retrieved and transferred between different stakeholders. The innovative ICT applications are dominating and driving the development scholarship and thinking in agriculture sector. The increasing availability and use of the Information and Communication Technologies offers the Extension System and all its stakeholders/partners an undeniable opportunity to redefine the way it provides information and interacts with farmers. ICTs are not just a new tool for information dissemination; it is empowering and changing the very culture of society’s information-seeking behavior. And Extension must change, too.

e-Extension

E-extension can be defined simply as the use of electronic technologies (especially ICT) to enhance face-to-face and paper-based transactions. These technologies can be as simple as teleconferences or as complex as wikis and blogs.

Cyber extension (also known as e-extension) may be defined as extension over the cyber space, the imaginary space created by the interconnected telecommunication and computer networks.

Cyber extension

Cyber extension means extension over cyberspace. In the applied context of agriculture cyber extension means using of power of online networks, communications channels and interactive multimedia to improve information access for farmers, extension workers, research scientists and extension managers.

Advantages of cyber extension

1. Cyber extension will save time, money, and effort
2. Cyber extension reduces the dependence of the farmers on extension functionaries
3. Easily accessible in remote areas
4. Can provide an early warning system before the natural disaster
5. Cyber extension will be available continuously.

Intoduction Cybertaxonomy is an abbreviation for "cyber-enabled taxonomy." It shares the traditional goals of taxonomy: to explore, discover, characterize, name, and classify species; to study their phylogenetic relationships; and to map their ecological associations and geographic distributions. To improve the speed with which we can help in providing taxonomic products and information, there is undoubtedly a requirement to move taxonomic endeavour into the digital era. Currently, the rate at which we record and maintain morphological information that enables species discovery is the primary constraint on taxonomic productivity (Lasalle, et al., 2009). Cybertaxonomy is one attempt to accomplish this complex goal. Cybertaxonomy employs a collection of electronic tools to assist and equip the science of taxonomy in accelerating species invention and the implementation of taxonomic expertise in biodiversity investigation.Cybertaxomy can yield results more quickly and efficiently than ever before thanks to adoption of digital technologies and cybertaxonomy.

Cycads refer a group of plants belonging to the families Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae and Zamiaceae as per recent classification. They belong to a specialized group of plants having ancient linkage. These are the most primitive of living gymnosperms and most ancient of all plants surviving today. Present day Cycads are mere remnants of numerous massive sorts that flourished during the end of Triassic era and belong to the Jurassic period.

Cycads include 11 genera and nearly 300 species distributed in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Substantial number of species is found in South Africa, Australia, South America, Central America, Caribbean Islands and Asia. There are natural hybrids also as reported from South Africa and Australia. Horticultural Importance

Cycads are curious and interesting both botanically and horticulturally all over the world. Their evergreen plam-like appearance with arching leaves from the crown looks graceful and ornamental. They are often mistaken with palm and tree ferns due to their structural similiraity. The distinctive forms emerged out of non-conventional stems and evergreen foliage is the main attraction. Primitive shapes of the Cycads are appealing to the landscapers. They are extensively used as a pot plant for indoor decoration and outdoor gardening. As Bonsai, Cycads exhibit a new style and formation. In horticultural trade, Cycads are in great demand and having high commercial value. Nowadays, a grown up specimen in large sized pot, may fetch several thousand rupees as price, which is very high in comparison to the other indoor plants. This is because of rarity, slow growing nature and graceful appearance of the cycads. Even the cut-leaves are in huge demand for various floral arrangements and decoration purpose. Therefore, Cycads are horticulturally very important and an essential component of present day landscaping. Selection of Plants

Cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum Mill.), belonging to family Primulaceae, is cultivated throughout the Temperate Zone. Many people have enjoyed the charming plants as potted and/or garden plants. The cyclamen is one of the most famous and important commercial ornamental plants in many countries. It is commonly grown for its flowers, both outdoors and indoors in pots. It is used on a terrace, in flower boxes, in hanging baskets or in beddings. Several species, particularly Cyclamen hederifolium, are hardy and can be grown outdoors in mild climates such as Northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America. The cyclamen commonly sold by florists is C. persicum, which is frost-tender. Selected cyclamen cultivars can have white, bright pink, red or purple flowers. The use as cut flower is not important part of cyclamen production (Grey-Wilson, 2002), but not rare in Europe, especially in Germany. Some cultivars for cut flower production were bred in Europe, but cut flower cyclamen production is not popular in USA and Japan. Its popularity as pot plant led to many studies on the group, including cytology (Bennett and Grimshaw, 1991), hybridization (Gielly et al., 2001 and Grey-Wilson, 2002) and phenology (Debussche et al., 2004).