eChapters

TV Talk
The talk delivered through TV i.e. through an electronic audio-visual medium which provides pictures with synchronized sound. The medium is cosmopolite in nature and can be used to develop instant mass awareness.

Important points while writing a programme for broadcasting
• Writing should be catchy, readable, conversational sound, understood and absorbed by the audience.
• Writing should be in simple, known language avoiding too much technicalities
• Interest of the listener should be sustained continuously
• Application of figures should be done judiciously
 

Radio script should be prepared in such a way that listener should feel that somebody is talking with him in a friendly manner and with informal style. For this purpose:
1. Collect the material from your experience.
2. Keep the purpose of the script and audience in mind.
3. Decide the method of presentation of information.
4. Considering the time available for the talk, the script should be prepared.
5. Generally we talk two words per seconds and 8 to 10 lines are required per minute having 5-6 words per sentences.
6. Time for talk is always limited hence select one idea at a time never include maximum technical information in the script.
7. Arrange the information in the sequences.
8. Include supporting and illustrated facts.
 

Overhead Projector
Principles of Over Head Projector (OHP)
A projector, which projects the image over the head of an instructor on the screen, is called OHP. It worked on the principle of indirect projection. With the use of lens of short focal length and two mirrors the picture is reflected on the screen. The drawing, diagram, letter (may be in colour or in black and white) etc. are made on transparent sheet and are put on the glass platform of the OHP, through which strong light is passed. The rays of light are converged by a lens and reflected by a mirror held at an angle of 45°.

“Audio-Visual aids are those instructional devices that may be used by a communicator in order to facilitate better understanding on the parts of learner by involving their many senses, particularly those relating to seeing and hearing”.
As a potential link between research institutions and livestock owners the extension agent must have good skills in effectively communicating with various stakeholders which include policy makers, researchers, input suppliers, market agents, credit institutions etc.

Identification of key communicators
For effective introduction of innovations and transfer of technology among farmers, effective communication is the prime need. An extension worker passes his information more effectively if he communicates with farmers/livestock owners through local leaders and key communicators.
Leader:  Is a person who effectively influences a group to cooperate in setting and achieving the goal.
Leadership: Leadership is a process by which an individual influence, guide and direct the thought, feelings and impressions in desired way.
Key communicators: Key communicator is a person who has maximum information about his society and vicinity area on different aspects.

Demonstrations
Demonstration means showing by doing. The basic principle of Demonstration is learning by seeing and doing. The concept of demonstration was given by Dr. Seeman A. Knapp. Farmers like to see how a new idea works, both purposes can be achieved by means of a farm demonstration. A good, practical demonstration is an invaluable method in extension work. The demonstration is a particularly powerful method to use with farmers who do not read easily. There are two principal types of demonstration used by extension agents - method demonstration and result demonstration.

The word data means facts or information, specifically collected by the researcher through observation or measurement from which meaningful conclusions are drawn. Data may be of qualitative or quantitative types:
Qualitative data are descriptive/qualitative in nature and can be statistically analyzed only after processing and after having them classified into some appropriate categories.
Quantitative data are expressed in the form of numerals and are amenable to statistical analysis readily.
Primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, specifically for the designated study.

1.1. Origin and distribution
• South East Asia, with the greatest number of species found in Borneo, Java, Sumatra, and Malay Peninsula.
1.2. Varieties
• Neelum, Bangalora, Alphonso, Rumani, Banganapalli, Kalepad, Peter, PKM 1, PKM 2, Senthura, Jahangir, Mulgoa, Himayuddin, Paiyur 1, Mallika, Amrapali, Salem Bangalora, Arka Anmol, Arka Aruna, Arka Neelkiran, Arka Puneeth, Sindhu, Ratna and Arka Suprabath

1.1. Establishment of orchard
• A long term investment and deserves a very critical planning.
1.1.1. Location and site
• Well established fruit growing region, because one could get benefit of experience of other growers.
• Market should be close to the area with assured demand.
• Climate should be suitable to grow the chosen fruit crops; free from cyclones, frost, hailstorms and strong hot winds.
• Adequate and good quality water supply should be available round the year.

1. Propagation
• Multiplication of plants is termed as propagation.
• Aim to achieve increase in number and preserve essential characteristics of mother plant.
• Most of the horticultural crops are propagated through vegetative means.
• Two types of propagation
• Sexual propagation - through seeds which is formed by sexual reproduction
• Asexual propagation - through vegetative parts or organs of a plant.

I. Importance of Growth and Development
• Growth is an irreversible increase in size and evaluated by mass length and height, surface area or volume.
• Growth is produced by cell division in meristem.
• Root and shoot of vascular cambium are meristematic.
• Apical meristem of root and shoot is developed during embryo development.
• Plant growth is determinate (leaves, flowers, fruits) or indeterminate (root, stem).
• Monocarpic species flowers only once and die.
• Polycarpic species after flowering return to vegetative and flower at once before drying.
• Monocarpic annuals – monocarpic species lives for only one year/one season. Eg. Marigold, cosmos etc.

I. Scope and Importance of Horticulture
• The total Geographical area of India is 328.73 ha which stands seventh position in the world.
• India’s population is about 138.5 crores as on November 5, 2020 (UN data) which stands second in the world after China.
• Population depends on agriculture is around 55-70%.
• The term Horticulture derived from two Latin words, Hortus - Garden, Cultura - Cultivation.
• Protected enclosures are used to grow vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants etc

Bael (Angle marmelos) is an important arid fruits belongs to family Rutaceae and consists 2-3 species of which only one is in cultivation. It is important indigenous fruits of India, drought hardy tree, flowering and fruiting coincides with the onset of monsoon and fruits mature before commencement of summer. The tree shed off entire leaves during hot summer and fruits are exposed to direct sunlight, which favors ripening of fruits.

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a important delicious fruits of herbaceous in nature,. It is most precocious fruit crops cultivated as pure as well as intercropped with mango, guava, peach, and coconut. Papaya starts bearing in 8-10 months after planting.

Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L) ancient fruit of India grown in arid regions, ‘king of arid zone fruits’, thrive well in marginal areas. During severe hot, it shed off its leaves completely and thus conserves moisture by getting rid of transpiration mechanism. Flowering and fruiting mainly take place on secondary and tertiary branches.

There are number of eating type kiwi fruits in world but Actinidia deliciosa Chev, is most common. It was the recently introduced fruit in India. It was origin of China the oval fruits have flavor of gooseberry. It is egg sized, fuzzy, brown skinned green fleshed kiwifruit. Fruit is a berry, where as Actinidia chinenses a yellow fleshed fruits.

Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) is usually eaten as fresh while as European plum (Prunus domestica) required to process before consumption. Plum ranks next to peach as for as its economic importance is concerned. It is a delicious juicy fruit, prized both for its exquisite fresh fruit flavor and in processing industry. Due to its typical chilling requirement it is grown in cooler region. Two types of plum i.e. Japanese plum and its hybrids and European plum are grown in India.

It is an interesting and popular fruits of temperate climate. The branches are usually erect and leaves are large and thin, the flowers borne on one-yearold spur and shoots. The spur elongates in almost a straight line for several successive years because the terminal bud is leaf bud. Sweet cherry fruits are mostly consumed fresh and also used for processing purpose, syrup and some type of alcoholic drinks etc.

Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) is a small to medium sized open topped branches, medium stocky, spreading as well as upright growth habit. The Peach is the native of (china, currently around 3000 peach cultivars are available in the world over (Faust and Timon, 1995).

The common pear (Pyrus communis) is known as French Pear, Asian pear also called Chinese pears, Japanese pears, Oriental pears, sand pear, salad pears and apple and pear are group of pome fruits derived from Pyrus ussuriensis and Pyrus serotina. Pyrus communis is susceptible to fireblight disease, however, Pyrus pyrifolia is resistant to this disease. Pear is only temperate fruit grown on the hills to southern parts of India. Jammu and Kashmir is leading in quality pear production.

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) is a typical temperate fruit; more than 80% world supply is being made from Europe (Tukey, 1982). It occupies more than 85% area and 60 % production of total temperate fruits. As per 2017-18 statistics it was cultivated over an area of 30,1000 ha with 23,27,000 metric tons production (Anonymous, 2018). Austria is leading in apple productivity; however, China is a largest producer in world.

India stands 3rd position in citrus production in world after China and Brazil. It is the most important fruit crops grown in India, however, our productivity is quite low 8.9 t/ha (Srivastava and Singh, 2006).

The guava (Psidium guajava L.) also known as ‘the apple of tropics’ belongs to family Myrtaceae (Hayes, 1974) originated from Tropical South America stretching from Mexico to Peru and introduced in India by Portuguese during 17th century (Bose and Mitra, 2001). Guava is an evergreen fruit in nature, well adopted to a wide range of soil and agro-climates and acclaimed as ‘super fruit, due to high nutraceutical properties and in reach of poor people it has great demand.

Banana and plantain (Musa spp.) are one of the most important commercial food crops especially in tropical regions. Banana by virtue of its multiple uses is popularly known as ‘Kalpataru’. Apart from fresh consumption as desert fruit, some types are also used for culinary purposes. It has therapeutic value; ripe banana is easily digestible and has vitamins and minerals.

Grape is one of the important fruit, crops being grown in area of 79.6 thousand hectare with annual production 1878.3 thousand MT. India is a major exporting country of grapes, it exported fresh grapes 24633.79 MT (2018-19) (Anonymous, 2018).

Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the least professionally grown fruit crop globally. It is popularly known as ‘King of Fruits’ belongs to family Anacardiaceae. It is being cultivated for at least 4000 years (Crane, 2008). As per estimate total world mango production is 40 million tones.

Canopy manipulation in fruit crops has a seasonal and a life-time development pattern and have lifelong advantage and disadvantage. The unmanaged canopy of fruit trees poses many difficulties i.e. difficulty in spray, pruning and hand harvesting, poor light penetration and interception throughout the canopy. Low early light interception, leaf area index and fraction of land covered by canopy, leading to delayed and poor cropping.

Tree canopy management affects fruit yield and quality by affecting light interception. The canopy geometry should be managed in such a way that it intercepts maximum light. For high density planting system a shallow (thin) canopy 1.5-2.0 m in depth is needed to achieve the maximum efficiency for trapping sun energy through foliage and channelizing metabolites for quality fruit production with good return.

Over the last decade, area under horticultural crops grew by 2.60% per annum and production 4.8% per annum. During 2017-18 total 311.71 million tonnes horticultural crops were harvested from 25.43 million hectare area. India is 2nd largest producer of fruits in the world after China, with average productivity at 14.97 t/ha. Fruits alone were cultivated almost in 6.5 million hectare area and production of 97.38 million metric tons, (Anonymous, 2018).

———————— is a thornless and seedless selection from Kagzi lime.

A. Pramalini            B. Vikram

C. Chakradhar        D. Jai devi

The storage life of fresh lemon at 10ºC is

A. 6-10 weeks           B. 10-15 weeks

C. 12-20 weeks        D. 12-16 weeks

Where is the Central Institute for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants situated at?

A. Srinagar        B. Bengaluru

C. Anand           D. Lucknow

The products of the plants which are used as food adjuncts to add taste only is called

A. Spices                   B. Medicinal plants

C. Aromatic plants     D. Condiments

The scientific horticulture consists of the following divisions. Among them, which division has impact on environment aesthetically and functionally

A. Fruits         B. Flowers

C. Spices       D. Plantations

India ranks ___________ in area and production of vegetables in the world.

A. First           B. Second

C. Third         D. Fourth

The practice of smoking the trees to induce off-season crops in mango is

A. Smudging      B. Bending

C. Ringing         D. Notching

Organic soils contain _____ % or more of organic matter.

A. 10       B. 15

C. 20      D. 30

Plant propagation by means of seed is called ________ propagation.

A. Sexual          B. Parthenocarpy

C. Asexual        D. Apomixis

The response of a plant to the relative length of day and night is called as

A. Photosynthesis      B. Phytochrome

C. Photoperiodism     D. Photo respiration

‘Hydroponics’ technique was first developed on commercial scale as early as in 1930 by

A. De. Condole             B. J.D. Hooker

C. W.F. Greicke            D. Hugo De Vries

Till date, there is no complete agreement on the terms used in cropping system. An attempt was made to standardize the terms and their usage at the symposium on Multiple Cropping held by the American Society of Agronomy, in Knoxville, Tennessee, during August, 1975. Some definitions published in the proceeding (Andrews and Kassam, 1976) which forms the basis for the improvement and additions of definitions made subsequently (Francis, 1989). The terms commonly used in cropping system and their definitions are given in the following paragraphs.

The main objective of cropping system is to utilize the available resources in an efficient manner. There are several indices to evaluate the yield advantage of cropping system and also to compare the efficiency of different cropping system in terms of land use.

Definition: Agro-forestry is a land use system where woody perennials (or trees) are deliberately grown in conjunction with field crops, horticultural crops and pasture, with the objective of meeting various requirements of the farmers from the farm; it also acts as an insurance against the risk of uncertain / abnormal weather condition

System is a set of principles or procedures according to which management is done; it is an organized scheme or method. A system is a group of interrelated or interacting elements (crops or livestock) that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole.

Crop: Plants grown in association, sown (or planted) and also harvested by human being, are collectively known as crop.
Crop plants have some economic values and there is an interaction or competition among the plants.

The United States of America (USA), European Union (EU), Brazil and China are four of the largest agricultural producers and users of agricultural pesticides in the world. Comparing the inclination and ability of different regulatory agencies to ban or eliminate pesticides that have the most potential for harm to humans and the environment can provide a glimpse into the effectiveness of each nation’s pesticide regulatory laws and oversight.

Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests such as insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

Weeds can be defined as plants which are undesirable, persistent, damaging and interfere with growth of other crop plants thus affecting agriculture, natural resources and economy of the country. These plants influence the produce of farmers in several ways.

A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors.

Many chemical and visual lures attract insects and therefore can be used as attractants to monitor or directly catch and reduce insect populations. These attractants are used in ways that do not injure other animals or humans or result in residues on foods or feeds, and can be used in an environmentally sound manner in pest management programs.