eChapters

• L-42 is the most suitable cultivar for canning.
• A promising genotype in Allahabad is locally known as “Lal Sebia”.
• Strawberry Guava – P. cattlcianun, P. nolle is a shrub or small tree.
• Triploidy is the cause of seedlessness in guava.
• Red pulp colour is dominant to white and that this character is governed monogenic gene.
• Guava improvement work for the first time was initiated in 1907 at Ganeshkhind Experiment Station, Pune, Maharashtra.
• The fact that Guava wilt is soil-borne was first reported in 1935 from Babakkarpar Allahabad.
• Usually, fifteen days period is required for the complete wilting but some trees take even up to one year.
• In general, the more than 10-year-old plants are more prone to wilt incidence.
• Guava wilt, effects more severely in alkaline soils. Wilting is observed during the rainy season. It starts in August with the largest number of the plant dying in September and October.
• Guava improvement work was started at Pune in 1907.

• The skin of grape berry is covered with a wax-like layer which is called cutin
• Fe deficiency is very common in black soil
• Thompsom seedless variety with its done occupies 55 % area under grape cultivation
• Rains during ripening cause berry cracking and rotting
• Pruning
  • North India- December-January
  • South India- April and October
    • April- Back of foundation pruning
    • October- Fruit or forwarded pruning
• Mg deficiency is universal in grape cultivation
• CCC- for suppressing vigour of wine and increasing fruit fullness of bud
• GA3- For increasing berry size

• Highly susceptible to waterlogging.
• Self-compatible in nature.
• Low chilling peach - <500 hrs chilling requirement.
• Red blush skins are caused due to anthocyanins.
• The yellow colour of peach is due to xanthophylls.
• Acid present - Malic acid
• Prunasin is the principal glycoside present in the pulp.
• Amygdalin is present in the seeds of peach.
• The oil content of peach seeds is 40-50%
• Prunus behmi is a natural hybrid of Almond and Peach.
• - Smooth skinned peaches (Prunus persica var. nucipersica) also called nectarine.
• Yellow fleshed peaches are ideal for table and canning purpose.

• Gender change due to bud mutation in the mature male vine.
• Actinidia arguata is acold tolerant species.
• Commercial propagation - Stem cutting, Softwood cutting
• Flowering time is from the last week of April to 3rd week of May.
• Storage rot, a major disease during storage is caused by Botrytis cinerea
• Hayward is one of the a most popular cultivars in the world.
• It is a deciduous wine.
• It was planted for the first time in the Lal Bagh garden at Bangalore around 1960.
• T-bar or Pergola is adopted for training the vines.
• It is a rich source of Vitamin-C.
• The skin of the fruit is a good source of flavoured antioxidant.

• Drought resistant, Salt tolerant and hardy temperate fruit crop
• Highly perishable fruit
• Vitamin A 2600IU
• Thiamine : 217mg/100g
• Wild apricot or Zardalu has originated from India.
• Popular training system – Open vase system
• Apricot bears on spurs and laterally on 1year-old shoots.
• Apricot spur life – 3-4 years
• Ideal thinning agent – NAA @25-50ppm, 20 days after fruit set
• Ideal stage for freezing, canning and drying fully ripe fruits
• Chaubattia Alankar – Kaishu × Charmagz – Low chilling and early ripening
• Chaubattia Madhu – Turkey × Charmagz – Early ripening
• Chaubattia Kesri – St. Amrbois × Charmagz – mid season variety
• Low chilling subtropical varieties – New Castle, Early Shipley, St. Ambroise, Kaisha.

• Native to temperate regions of Northern Hemisphere.
• Chilling requirement – 2000-2700 hr, highest among temperate fruits.
• Heavy rainfall during flowering causes – Blossom wilt.
• Heavy rainfall during ripening causes fruit cracking.
• In Europe, a wine – ‘Kirschwasser’ is distilled from the pulp of cherries.
• Most of the commercial varieties of cherry are self-sterile.
• Seedling rootstock – Pazza, Mahaleb, Mazzard
• Clonal rootstock – Colt, Mazzard, F-12/1
• Cherry fruits are the first to appear in the market among temperate fruits.
• Cherry has more calorific value them apple.
• Donar vars: Stella, Vista, Vic, Seneca, Vega.

• Avocado is a dense and evergreen tree can grow about 80 feet height
  • Single seeded berry - Fat – 24-26%
  • Recalibrate seeds - Sugar – 1% Rich in K, Fe, Vitamins – B
• Its energy value is twice as much as Banana fruit.
• Most leading avocado cultivar in the world – Fuertes.
• Avocado is classified into 3 distinct horticultural races.
  1. Mexican – Coli fried Duke Pernod
  2. West Indian – Pollock, Simmonds, Black Prince Fuchsia, Peterson, Waldin.
  3. Guatemalan – Taylor, Linda, Queen, Benit
• Duke seedlings are resistant to root rot and cold hardiness.
• Important to salad fruit

• Cashew kernel contains 47% fat, 21% protein and 22% carbohydrates.
• Cashew kernel does not have cholesterol.
• Collection of fallen nuts is known as Gllining.
• India is the largest producer as well exporter of raw cashew nut.
• The USA is the largest importer of cashew nut kernels in the world.
• Cashew is restricted to altitude below 700 m where the temperature does not fall below 20°C for prolong period.
• pH more than 8.0 is not suitable for its commercial cultivation.
• Pruning period: August-September
• Steam method is the most popular method of roasting.
• Best quality whole kernels kernels are obtained from drum roasting.
• Maximum recovery of oil is done using oil bath roasting.
• Inflorescence: Polygamomonocious
• Cashew nut is the III most important agriculture commodity exported from India.
• Broma dryer is a commonly used drier for drying of the kernel.
• The moisture content of the dried kernelranges between 2% to 4%.

• Deciduous, Monoecious fruit crop.
• Rich in Vitamin A (2710/U/100g)
• Fruits are highly astringent due to tannin content.
• Flowers appear in spring on new growth in February- March.
• Type of flowers: Male, Female, Bisexual.
• Pollination - Cross-pollination
• Mode of pollination - Insects
• Persimmon fruits exhibit a double sigmoid growth area.
• Date-plum (Diospyros lotus) used Rootstock in India
• American - Diospyros virginiana
• Japanese or oriental Persimmon - Diospyros kaki.
• Fruiting time – August- September
• Inarching on its rootstock on D. lotus.
• Dwarf and Semi-dwarf, modified central leader system.

• Fragaria chiloensis × Fragaria virginiana (Diploid species) is the artificial man – made hybrid.
• Monoecious is a quick growing fruit plant and takes short span of the day to grow.
• It is a low growing perennial herb.
• It is one of the best fruit crops for the kitchen garden.
• Strawberry is a complete fruit with 98% of edible portions.
• It is rich in vitamin-C and iron.
• Ethyl ester i.e., ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate are responsible for the flavour of strawberry fruit:
• Indian wild strawberry Fragaria vasca.
• Hermaphroditism is much more common in Fragaria chiloensis
• Micro propagation was first started in this fruit.
• The flowers, generally white, are borne in small clusters.
• Both self and cross - pollination occur in this fruit crop.
• Honeybees are the major pollinators.
• Mulching is an important cultural operation in strawberry cultivation.

• Monoecious, temperate nut fruit.
• Most valuable exchange earning nut crop.
• The USA is the leading producer of walnut
• Female are born terminally and male flowers laterally
• Paradoxes is a rootstock derived from Juglans hindsii × Juglans nigra.
• Reduction of walnut hull dehiscence Ethephon @ 2000 ppm.
• The blank nut is due to hot summers with low humidity.
• Trees deciduous 10-40 meter tall
• The temperature of 29-32°C near harvesting results in the wall filled kernels
• Sensitive to low temperature during spring and high temperature during summer.
• The chilling requirement is about 200-800hrs.
• Modified central leader system is ideal for training.
• Walnuts have high antioxidant content (Vitamin and fiber).

• Poona fig is the most popular cultivar grown in India (5.0 m × 5.0 m)
• Excel and Candia are suitable for HDP (2.5 m × 2.5 m)
• Candia is suitable for drying purpose.
• Excel is suitable for canning purpose.
• Deanna is suitable for table purpose.
• Fig is one of the first fruit to be preserved by drying.
• Salt and drought-resistant crop.
• Ficus carica is gynodioecious spp.
• Caprifig is monoecious spp.
• Common fig is pistillate.
• Excessive irrigation or heavy rains during ripening result in fruit cracking and producing of insipid fruits.
• Cultivar – Merselies, Black Ischia, Kabul, Banglara, Lucknow, (Dinkar – an improvement over Daulatabad).

• Banarsi, Chakaiya, Francis (susceptible to fruit necrosis) NA-4 (Krishna), NA-6 (NA-5 Kanchan), NA-9 (Neelum), N-7 (Amrit) free necrosis.
• Anola can be grown in the light as well as heavy soils except for very sandy one. However, well-drained fertile loamy soil is the best for its growth.
• Though Aonla is a subtropical fruit, it can be cultivated in a tropical climate quite successfully.
• Descending order of area wise production: Azamgarh < Pratapgarh < Varanasi < Bareilly
• Commercially propagated by Patch/T Budding
• Planting time is during July with a distance of 8m × 8m.
• The plant should be trained to a modified Leader system.
• By NDU in UP is the application of 10kg FYM, 125gN 50g P2O5 and 50g K2O per one-year-old plant.
• Age of 8 years (1000gN, 400g P2O5 and 400g2K2/O tree)
• Use of fertilizer is required during April-May and September-October.
• Flower bud differentiation in the 1st week of March.
• Sir ration (male to female) (1:307-1:197)

• 52% use of the fruit of total weight.
• Comprising 78% juice and 22% seeds
• CIAH – Central Institutes for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner.
• Cultivars – Alandi or Vadki, Bassein Seedless, Dholka Ganesh, Jalore Seedless, Jyothi, Kabul, Kandhari, Paper Shell, Muskat Red, G-132, G-107, G-137, P-13, P-16, P-23, P-26.
• Hybrid – Mridul – Ganesh × Gul-E-Shah Red (fruit spot infection)
• Ruby – M
• Type of inflorescence is Hypanthodium.
• Pomegranate is a subtropical fruit crop.
• It is commercially propagated by hardwood cutting.
• Fruit cracking happens due to baron deficiency and water imbalance.
• HDP - (5 m × 2 m)- 1000/ha

  (5 m × 5 m)- 400/ha

• The date is a good source of crystalline sugar.
• It is a dioecious and monocotyledonous fruit crop.
• Dates can be grown in sandy loamy soils.
• Date palm needs 3300 units of heat. (A unit of heat means a degree above a daily mean of 18°C between flowering, fruit development and ripening period.

Cultivars

• Halawi of makes tolerant of rain. It is 28.5 to 42.2 per cent Dakastage Dang Zoo, Hayni Khadrawy, Shamran (Sayen) are tolerant to high humidity. Medjoal, Bastree, Zahidi – is rain and high humidity tolerant.

• Recommended no. of beehives for efficient pollination is 5-8 beehives.
• Maturity indices: Change the colour from green to yellowish with cracks.
• Dehulling term is related to Almond.
• Damage to blossom due to early spring frosts is the major constraint in almond cultivation.
• Almond can withstand low temperatures upto -2.2 to -3°C.
• The almond tree becomes productive after 5 years.
• Almond contains oil - 49%, Oleic acid – 62%, Linoleic acid – 24% and Palmitic acid – 6%.
• Almond is a rich source of Vitamin E
• Kernels after blanching, roasting, frying and salting taste very delicious and are in in great demand.
• Green almond kernels are also consumed in the milky stage.
• Almond is cultivated mainly in regions situated between 360 and 450 N latitude.

• Male and Female flowers borne in a mixed flower bud.
• Most important nut fruit of world ranking: 5th in production worldwide.
• Chilling requirement – 400hrs at or below 7.2°C
• Contains 70% Fat and a good amount of phosphoric acid.
• HDP varieties: Desirable, Cheyenne
• Pecan is a valuable horticultural gift of North America to the world.
• Fat – 72%, Carbohydrates – 15%, Protein – 9%.
• Almost 90% of the nuts are sold shelled and rest in the shell.
• It is most commonly used in baking dishes and ice creams.
• Pecan shell, a byproduct, is also used to manufacture tannin, charcoal and abrasives in hand soap.
• pH ranges – 5-8
• Requires three coldest months between 7.2°C and 12.8°C with at least 400h of chilling.

• The chestnut is a nutritious low in fat and rich in Vitamin B.
• Freshly harvested nuts contain about 50% moisture, 40-42% carbohydrates, 2.9% proteins and about 1.5% fats.
• All cultivars of chestnut are self-sterile.
• The Chinese chestnut is the earliest tree to bloom. The flowers are produced in two kinds of catkins borne on current season shoot near the terminal portion of the shoot.
• Three nuts are usually produced in each bun (upper, left and right).
• Botanically, each nut is a complete fruit.
• The shell of the nut develops from the ovary wall.
• It is as hardy as peach and can withstand as low as -29°C temperature in deep dormancy.
• Some species of chestnut are used as rootstock for propagation.
• Chestnut is a highly cross-pollinated and hybrid seedling used as the rootstock is a possible cause of graft union failure in chestnut. Therefore, mixed hybrid strains should not be used as rootstock.

• Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 tons accounts for approximately 75% of world productions.
• The common hazel (Corylus avellana) is native to Europe and Western Asia.
• In H P, it is found growing wild in Pangi region of Chamba district and locally known as Thangi.
• Hazelnut is also known as cobnut and filbert.
• Hazelnuts are extensively used in confectionery to make praline and also used in combination with chocolate truffles.
• The temperature of minus 10°C is critical, especially if accompanied by wind, which may kill both pistillate and staminate flavours.
• Hazelnuts are more shallow-rooted, most fruit and nut trees do not tolerate wet soils, the tree cannot tolerate excessive dry summer heat and hot winds.
• Hazel will grow in pH ranging from 4.5-8.5 but around pH 7 is ideal.

• It can withstand a very wide range of temperature from 30 to 42°C.
• Pistachio was grown for the first time in the early eighties using seeds of pista at the PCDO Bhoktu and Regional Horticultural Research Station, Sharbo in Kinnaur district of HP.
• The two commercial varieties namely Kerman (Pistillate) and Peters (Staminate) were introduced India from California in 2001.
• They are drought resistant and very tolerant of high summer temperature, but con not tolerant excess of dampness and humidity.
• P. atlantica, P. terebinthus P. integerrima are seedling rootstocks.
• Rafsanjani is the world-famous pistachio growing region in Iran.
• Iranian varieties: Momtaz, Owhadi, Agah, Safeed.
• Turkish varieties: Uzun, Kimizi.
• California varieties: Kerman, Peter Ibrahim, Owhadi, Safeed, Sharti, Wahedi, Bronte, Sfax.
• Other varieties: Buenzle, Minassian, Red Aleppo, Trabonella.
• A sister seedling of Kerman, namely Lasson also produces good quality large-sized nuts.

• Jackfruit is eaten unripe at 25-50% full size as a vegetable or ripe as a fruit.
• The seeds are boiled or roasted and used in many culinary preparations. The seeds are very rich in carbohydrate and protein.
• Highest production in Assam.
• Jackfruit is a monoecious plant.
• The male inflorescence is long and light green and grows to a length of 5 to cm by 2.4cm.
• Pollen production is abundant and ranges from 1,50,00,000 to 1,70,00,000 per catkin. The percentage of pollen fertility ranges from 89 to 93 and the pollen diameter ranges from 16 to 22.
• Being cross-pollinated and mostly seed propagated, the jack fruit has innumerable types or forms considering the fruit characteristics.
• Gulabi, Champa, Hazari, Rudrakhs, Black Gold, Golden Nugget, J-31, Honey Gold and Lemon Gold.

• In India, ber is cultivated on an estimated area of 61.284/ha.
• Fruit tree is suited for arid and semi-arid regions while crops in a tropical and subtropical climate.
• 125 cultivars grown in India: Nazuk, Kaithli, Umran, Chhuhana Ilaichi, Jogia, Banarasi Karaka, Najma, Sadhura Nannaul, Seo, Thornless, ZG3, Gola.
• The fruit starts ripening as early as the middle of December in the western part of India and North plain in mid-February.
• Propagation of Ring / T-budding.
• Ziziphus nummularia – Dwarfing due to formation Rootstock of an inverted bottleneck at the graft union.
• Ziziphus rotundifolia – Deep-rooted suited for arid zones.
• The seed germination of 3-4 weeks.
• In Punjab, the best time of planting ber is during February - March and in monsoon during July or September.
• Ber planting distance of 8 m × 8m.
• Best pruning time is during May.

• S. fruticosum (Jamiya), a small edible fruit, is grown as a wide break.
• Ross apple (Gulab Jamun) bears rose-scented fruits with fibrous flesh.
• Cultivar – Raij Jamun, Paras (Large size) N.J.-6 (Seedless).
• Syzygium Jambos – Rose apple (Gulab Jamun)
• Fruit trees for sodicity tolerance.
• Syzygium grows in tropical and subtropical climate under a wide range of them temperature and rainfall.
• Jamun, in general, prefers dry atmosphere at the time of flowering and fruiting.
• Water apple and rose apple are usually planted in home garden at a distance of 7.0 m × 8.0 m.
• Propagation of seed and shield and patch budding.
• Irrigation the use in May-June requires 5-6 irrigations in a year.
• Intercropping – peach, guava, kagzilime, as fillers, field crop – gram, peas, moong etc.
• Jamun exhibits maximum growth and flowering during February.
• Flower bud differentiation has been observed on 5-10 months old branches, starts in the last week of January and continues for 43 days.

• No other fruit has such a high content of Riboflavin.
• The Bael is a native of the Indo-Malayan region and has been known in India since prehistoric times.
• Narandra Bael 5– Size – 1.25 kg/fruit, very thin rind 2-5 mm, TSS-38%, Slight acidity-25 mg/100g, eight years old plant- 56 kg.
• Narendra Bael 9 - TSS-40%, Ascorbic acid – 28mg/100g.
• Pant Bael 12 – Varanasi, Gorakhpur, Mirzapur, Etawa, Kagzi Sewan Large, Deoria Large, NB1, NB5 and NB9.
• Bael is very hardy subtropical, deciduous tree and can thrive well even in swampy alkaline soils having pH range 5 to 10.
• Major bael growing states: U.P., Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa.
• Seeds, which are sown in June, usually propagate bael; Seedlings are transplanted a year later.
• Patch budding is the month of June or July gives the best results.
• Bael can be classified as a climacteric fruit.
• Bacterial shot-hale canker of Bael is caused by (Xanthomonas blue).

• The wine prepared from ripe fruits contains about 14.5 to 15% alcohol.
• Flowers are white, produced in a terminal cyme.
• It is grown in countries viz., South Africa, Australia, India, Malaysia, S. Lanka and Barma.
• In India, it is grown in M.H., Rajasthan, U.P., Bihar, and South India.
• It is used as protective hedge in Gujarat and Punjab.
• It is not suited to the hills of Himalayas.
• Pant Sudarshan – White Pink
• Pant Suverna – Green, Purple
• Other varieties: PK.1, Pant Maohan
• Deep loamy or alluvial soils.
• It can tolerate saline-sodic soils with pH up to 8.5.
• Seeds usually lose their viability within 4-5 week.

• The most important use of mulberry leaf is rearing of silk worm for production of silk.
• The mulberry tree is used for landscaping in Asia, Europe & Southern U.S A.
• Morus alba (White mulberry)
• Morus rubra (Red mulberry) is native to America.
• Morus nigra (Black mulberry)
• Mulberry plants are monoecious in sex expression.
• Inflorescence of catkins.
• Major mulberry producing countries; China®India®brazil
• The most extensive area under mulberry cultivation in India is in Karnataka.

  Major mulberry growing Indian states are: TN.→Kerala → U.P.→ Bihar→ Madhya Pradesh→W.B.→Rajasthan.

• Ripe phalsa fruits are sub-acidic and a good source of Vitamin A & C.
• Kernel contains 2.0 %and 23.7% oil respectively which is rich in linoleum acid.
• Colour phalsa fruit is anthocyanin pigment.
• The phalsa seed contains 7.17 per cent crude fat with a typical.
• The plants can tolerate temperatures as high as 44°C since high temperature favours ripening of the fruits.
• It is a subtropical crop.
• It is commercially propagated by seed.
• The viability of seeds can be retained for 6 months under cool storage.
• Seed germination of 15-20 day get ready for planting in the field.
• Seed germination per cent 76%.
• Shortest germination period shortest of only 16 days.
• It completes flowering and fruiting within 4-5 month.
• Planting is usually done 2.5-3.0m, 1100-1500 plant/ha.
• Phalsa plant is normally pruned at 0.9 to 1.2m above the ground level; time of pruning is during December—January when they are dormant annually.
• Application of N, P and K at 100, 40 and 25kg/ha.

•  
• Tamarind is at the 6th position in terms of export value, fresh, dried, powder and paste.
• It is a good source of iron.
• The red variety of Tamarind fruit contains anthocyanin while leucoanthocyanidin is present in the brown.
• Leaves are very rich in anthoxanthin, while the fruits are poor in this pigment.
• Xanthophylls are responsible for the yellow colours of the flower.
• The pulp contains 1.27% pectin.
• T.K.P. – Tamarind kernal powder, the use of cattle freed also.
• Kernal

• Its constitution makes the tree one of the useful medicinal plants of India.
• Soils including degraded soils of the arid region and can tolerate salinity to a certain extent.
• It is mostly grown in dry portions of subtropical and tropical regions of the country.
• The mature plants can tolerate temperatures as low as 0-15°C and as high as 47.5°C.
• Commercial propagation of seed / In-situ budding.
• Ideal Planting distance required is of 8 to 10m
• Opening of flowers starts in the 2nd week of March.
• The flowers are mainly staminate and hermaphrodite.
• Ripe fruits are available from October-March.
• The tree can produce about 200 to 250 fruits per annum.

1. Education 1.1. Some Landmarks of Agricultural Education Including Vegetable Science Year Landmarks 1952 Indian Council of Agricultural Education (ICAE) set up (worked up to 1964 under ICAR). 1958 First ‘Deemed University‘ status bestowed on Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). 1959 Chief of Agricultural Education and ex-officio Secretary to ICAE appointed. 1960 Emergence of SAUs, starting with Pantnagar, based on the recommendations of Joint Indo-American Teams. 1965 Standing Committee on Agricultural Education replaced the Education Panel. 1965 ICAR reorganization with four Divisions including Agricultural Education 1966 ICAR developed Model Act for Agricultural Universities in India.

2.4. Plan-wise Initiation of AICRP (Vegetable Crop) Centres in India Regular Centre Initiated in plan/year ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi IV Plan (1971) ICAR-IARI Regional Vegetable Reseearch Station, Katrain, Kullu IV Plant (1971) ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi IV Plan (1971) ICAR-IARI Regional Vegetable Research Station, Katrain, Kullu, Himachal Pradesh IV Plant (1971) ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka IV Plan (1971) Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, Punjab IV Plan (1971) Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa Bihar IV Plan (1971) Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra IV Plan (1971

Protein Pea, French bean, cowpea, cluster bean, amaranth and broad bean. Carbohydrates Potato, sweet potato, dry beans, yam and tapioca. Vitamin-A Carrot, palak, amaranth, pumpkin, methi and paprika Vitamin-B Garden pea and Indian bean Vitamin-C Tomato, sweet pepper, green chilli, cauliflower, knol-khol, bitter gourd, amaranth, methi, palak and cabbage. Calcium Methi, kale, beet leaf, amaranth, broccoli, onion, beet root, Indian bean, and cabbage. Potassium Sweet potato, potato, bitter gourd, raddish, dolichos, onion and green leafy vegetables. Phosphorus Garlic, garden pea, bitter gourd, broccoli, onion, leek, kale, amaranth. Iron bitter gourd, amaranth, methi, poi, beet leaf, leek and spinach

4.1. Promotion of Kitchen Gardening 4.1.1. Essential Guide Lines for Kitchen Gardening • The location should be in the backyard of the house. As far as practicable, kitchen garden plot should be located near to the well, water tap or other source of irrigation. It should never be located in the shady area of home, which is generally not suitable for most of the vegetables. There should be enough of sunlight for major part of day. • It should be fenced with boundary wall or fruit crop or live fence all around. • The layout should be such as to make the garden look attractive and allow access to all its parts. The land should be laid out in small paths and plots. • The garden should preferably be rectangular in shape. • About 200 m2 area is sufficient for a five members family to supply about 1.5 kg vegetable per day

5.1. Precision Farming Precision farming is an emerging concept in modern agriculture. It is micro management system to arrive at improved agriculture and land management decisions that result from using information delivered by geospatial technologies. In other words it is “Digital Agriculture” involving very large scale farm level mapping, comprehensive data base creation on required resources generated through space based inputs and field observations and making a detailed plan of work for maximizing the yield and reducing the cost on inputs using the decision support system. Precision farming means to do the right thing, in the right place and in right time. It is also called site-specific management (SSM), is the management of an agricultural crop at a spatial scale smaller than the individual field. In many fields, the crop’s environment varies substantially from one part to another

6.20. Role of Micro Nutrients in Vegetable Production 6.20.1. Born 6.20.1.1. Importance Warington first demonstrated the essentiality of boron in plants in 1923 in broad bean (Vigna fava L.). Boron markedly affects nitrogen uptake and the metabolism of nitrogen compounds. The protein contents of young leaves decrease and soluble nitrogen compounds, particularly nitrate accumulate under the condition of severe boron deficiencyBoth with and without boron added, nitrate reductase activity was obviously higher with Ca (NO3 )2 than with (NH4 )2 SO4 . With boron added, nitrate reductase activity in leaves increased from the basal to the top parts of the plant.

7.1. Status Vegetables are generally sensitive to environmental extremes, and thus high temperatures and limited soil moisture are the major causes of low yields as they greatly affect several physiological and biochemical processes like reduced photo-synthetic activity, altered metabolism and enzymatic activity, thermal injury to the tissues, reduced pollination and fruit set etc., which will be further magnified by climate change. The consequences of the climate change badly hit the vegetable production. Under changing climatic situations crop failures, shortage of yields, reduction in quality and increasing pest and disease problems are common and they render the vegetable cultivation unprofitable. This ultimately questions the availability of nutrient source in human diet.

9.2. Causes of Post-Harvest Losses (A) Primary Causes: (B) Secondary Causes: • Mechanical injury. • State of maturity. • Physio-biochemical losses. • Time of harvesting. • Microbial losses. • Storage facilities. • Physical losses. • Bruishing caused due to transportation and distribution. 9.3. Control of Post-Harvest Losses The extent of post harvest losses in vegetables can be minimized by • Careful harvesting. • Harvesting of vegetables at the right stage of maturity. • Proper sorting, grading and packing. • Careful transportation and distribution. • Adequate and suitable storage facilities. • Pre and post harvest treatment

10.2. Breeding Objectives 10.2.1. Tomato • To develop early , high yielding and consumer preference varieties / hybrids. • Large round fruit with adequate firmness and shelf-life, uniform fruit sizes shape, red colour and freedom from external blemishes or abnormalities for fresh market. • Large fruit size, high fruit quality and continuous production for home garden tomatoes. • Deep, uniformly red coloured tomatoes , pH below 4.4, high total soluble solid (4.5-7) and high alcohol solids (AIS) in processing tomatoes. • To evolve varieties / hybrid resistant to diseases like fusarium wilt, verticillum wilt, late blight, early blight, septoria leaf spot, anthracnose, bacterial wilt, bacterial canker and tomato leaf curl virus. • To develop varieties/ hybrids resistant to root-knot nematodes. • To breed varieties/ hybrids suitable for abiotic stresses like low Day (K10o C) and high temperatures (day 35+2o C) excess and moisture deficient, salt etc. • To develop varieties/ hybrids for prolonged storage and transportation

11.14. Nanotechnology 11.14.1. Concept • Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. • Physicist Richard Feynman is considered as father of nanotechnology. The idea and concepts behind nanoscience and nanotechnology started with a talk entitled “There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom” by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society Meeting at the California Institute of Technology on December 29, 1959, long before the term nanotechnology was used. In his talk, Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules. Over a decade a later, in his explorations of ultra precision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnolog

12.1. Common Term Used • GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs & Trade) • WTO (World Trade Organization) • TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Right)/IPR/Pateni/Copy right/ Trademark /G.l./Sui generis system etc. • UPOV/PVP/PBR/Farmer’s Right • CBD (Convention on Biodiversity) What is GATT? • Established in 1948 (after 2nd World War) • For the smooth conduct of trade by 22 countries (India was the party) • Several negotiations • Usually trades related to industries • Eight round at Uruguay in 1986 • First time issues on agricultural trade, textile, investment, IPR were discussed • (moral victory for the developing world especially county like IndiaWhat is WTO? • WTO is the only international organization dealing with global rule of trade (through revised GATT agreement; also called as GATT Rule Book) • On 15th April 1994 (1986-194) in Mexico, 125 countries signed the agreement • On 1 January 1995, came in force as WTO • HQ: Geneva; —140 members; wwwAvto.org Function of WTO • Administrating trade agreements. • Providing forum for trade negotiations. / • Settling trade disputes (DSC). • Reviewing national trade policies. • Technical assistance (training). • Cooperating with other institions organizations

To identify parasitic infections, it is essential to examine excretory- secretory products (ESPs), viz., faeces, urine, sputum and nasal discharges as examination of such material is essential for clinical diagnosis. It is extremely rare to get an animal completely free from parasites and at the same time all animals may not show signs of disease. Most of the important helminths and coccidia inhabit intestinal tract. Therefore, clinical diagnosis of gut dwelling helminths and coccidian depends mostly on identification of ova/oocyst in faecal samples

Before proceeding to find out the nature of the egg content of the faecal sample, one should know what class of animal the faecal sample belongs to. It is easy to identify a faecal sample of herbivore from that of an omnivore or a carnivore. The dung of cattle, sheep and horse will contain lot of vegetable fibers. The colour of the dung under normal conditions will be dark greenish yellow with a peculiar aromatic smell. But the faeces of a dog or cat will be soft and pasty devoid of fibers and dark yellow in colour with an unpleasant smell. Several procedures commonly used to examine faeces for parasites are described in this section. Before attempting to apply these procedures, a few points should be considered:

Mange or parasitic dermatitis is caused by the infestation of mange mites e.g. Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, Demodex spp. and a range of other mites. The condition is characterized by itching and rubbing of the infested parts of the body against hard objects. Lesions include hair loss, dry, rough, thickened and wrinkled skin accompanied by the presence of scab and foul odour in some cases. Some mites burrow into the host epidermis (Sarcoptes) while others spend their entire life cycle on the skin surface (Psoroptes). Most mites are microscopic or less than 1mm in length; therefore skin scrapings are taken from the affected area of animals suspected to be suffering from mange or parasitic dermatitis

Collection of blood Blood sample should be collected in a capped clean and dry vial containing an appropriate amount of anticoagulant. The commonly used anticoagulants are ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) @ 1-2 mg/ml and heparin @ 5 I.U./ ml of blood. Sites for blood collection Before collection of blood clean the site of collection by applying some antiseptic solution. If the area is hairy shaving of the site under aseptic condition should be done. Tip of the ear should be preferred for prompt or early diagnosis of haemoprotozoan infections. The vein can then be punctured with hypodermic needle and the collected blood is transferred to a clean glass vial. For collection of blood various preferred sites in different animals are as under

HELMINTHS Collection of parasites Fresh helminth parasites should be collected, as far as possible to achieve better results in staining. This can best be done by conducting a post-mortem examination of the animal for which the procedure given below should be followed. On opening the body and before removal of the viscera, examine the body cavity (for free lying parasites, e.g. Setaria), subcutaneous tissue (for Parafilaria and Hypoderma larvae) and the surfaces of internal organs for spot or nodules that might contain parasites. Remove them for histopathological examination (in 10 % formalin). Remove the visceral organs separately and place them in different enamel trays.

Diagnosis of parasitic infections is routinely done with conventional parasitological techniques as described earlier. However, when the parasitaemia is too low to be detected by the conventional methods as in subclinical infections and/or carrier animals advanced diagnostic tools are used for the early, sensitive as well as specific diagnosis. Serological techniques Diagnostic techniques used mostly in laboratories needs various reagents and equipments to perform the test. However, a diagnostic kit is the extrapolation of the same method by packing it in a user friendly format, accompanied by all or most of the reagents required to perform the test and can also be done outside the lab or under field conditions. Various immunodiagnostic kits are available which are based on different diagnostic methods like Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). Complement fixation test (CFT), Agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID), Immunofluorescent tests (IFT), Latex agglutination tests (LAT) etc. ELISA is the most commonly used test system and numerous kits based on ELISA are available commercially.

Chemotherapy in Parasitology deals with the treatment of disease caused by different parasites by specific drugs; meanwhile particular drug has got the particular action against the particular parasite. Recently chemotherapy is a extensively used and emerging branch for the control of different stages of parasites that is normally not killed by the conventional methods of treatment. Thus, chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment and control of parasitic infections by avoiding the outcome of the danger of the disease by treatment of the affected animals. They should have the maximum parasitotrophic action and minimum organotrophic action. It is mainly divided into two types: 1) Rational therapy: It is a mode of treatment based on the pharmacological actions of drugs with relation to disease. 2) Supportive therapy: It is a method of treatment other than drugs, e.g. giving high protein diet in the oedematous condition such as bottle jaw in fascioliosis and amphistomiosis. The drugs used for the killing or complete removal of the parasites from the body of the host called antiparasitic drugs.