eChapters

SYNOPSIS

Many plants or plant parts are eaten as food. In addition to essential vitamins, minerals, and fibers, plant foods contain phytochemicals and antioxidants, which actively provide protection against diseases. Several studies carried out all over the world have demonstrated the protective values of fruits. Fruits are the ripened ovaries of plants, including the seeds within. Many plants have evolved fruits that are attractive as a food source to animals, so that animals will eat the fruits and excrete the seeds some distance away.

These include mainly tomato pomace, jack fruit waste, pineapple waste, apple pomace and citrus fruit processing waste.
1. Tomato pomace (Lycopersicon esculentum): Tomato pomace consists of the remnants of tomato processing, including peels, crushed seeds, and minimal pulp, which are left after extracting juice, paste, or ketchup. Following juice extraction, the pomace is typically dried and ground. Due to its high moisture content, artificial drying methods can be costly, making sun drying a more favorable option. The pomace should be dried until it reaches a crisp texture. After drying, it is essential to grind the pomace and incorporate the resulting product thoroughly into the diet. The composition of tomato pomace includes 93.5% DM, 17-22% CP, 39% CF, 11.1% EE, 0.44% Ca and 0.36% P, with 55% TDN. In terms of dietary inclusion, tomato pomace can be incorporated into the rations of adult bullocks and milch cows at levels of up to 50% and 16%, respectively, without negative effects. In dairy cows, the intake of dry matter, milk yield and milk composition remained unaffected. Additionally, fresh tomato pomace can serve as a supplementary feed for growing and finishing pigs. Notably, feeding growing pigs a diet containing 6% fresh tomato pomace resulted in a significant increase in feed consumption compared to those receiving a standard commercial mash.
2. Citrus by-products: Citrus fruits encompass several significant varieties, with the most notable being the orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon (Citrus limon) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). The by-products derived from citrus processing are affected by various factors, including the fruit’s origin and the method of processing employed. Consequently, the nutritional value of these by-products varies based on the type of waste and the specific fruit involved. The citrus by-products contain 1.7-7% TA, 1.2-2.1% EE, 5.7-8.6% CF, 2.2-4.2% CP, 65-75% NFE,
10.2-16.5% total sugar, 1.3-6.5% lignin and 4.4-12.8% pectin. Fresh citrus pulp waste is considered palatable for cattle, with a consumption capacity of up to 10 kg per day. Dried citrus pulp can be incorporated into animal feed at levels as high as 45% of the total ration. However, it is important to note that the digestibility of this feed in sheep diminishes when the inclusion exceeds 30%.

1.    Almost all liquid foods are concentrated before drying due to

(a) Technical advantages

(b) Preservation

(c) Nutritional advantages

(d) Both (a) and (c)

2.    Which of the following compound mainly possesses anti-microbial property in garlic and onion?

(a) Acrolein

(b) Eugenol

(c) Allyl isothiocynate

(d) Terpenoid

3.    Which of the following fruit juices concentrates are prone towards spoilage?

(a) Acid

(b) Non-acid

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of these

Method: To check the performance of these pans, prepare 3 besan chillas on each type of pan by using equal quantity of oil and batter. Then compare and evaluate prepared dishes on 5 parameters i.e. Appearance, Texture, Aroma, Color and Taste by using 9-point hedonic scale.

Introduction

The landscape of the Indian food industry has undergone a dramatic transformation in recent years. Rising disposable incomes, coupled with the rapid pace of urbanization, have fuelled a surge in demand for convenient and processed food options. Consumers, increasingly pressed for time, are turning towards ready-to-eat meals, packaged snacks, and a wider variety of processed food products. While this trend signifies a growing economy and changing lifestyles, it has also brought to light a critical concern: ensuring food safety and empowering consumers with clear and accessible information. In order to empower consumers to make educated food choices and build trust between brands and consumers, food label transparency is crucial. Transparent labelling is essential for improving public health because it gives precise and unambiguous information about ingredients, nutritional value, and possible allergies. This information helps prevent diseases linked to a certain lifestyle, such diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. Additionally, it guarantees that customers are not misled about the quality or provenance of their food, shielding them from dishonest business tactics. Transparency also promotes market justice by levelling the playing field, making product integrity apparent, and fostering creativity and brand loyalty. Transparent labelling promotes ethical and sustainable consumption while also facilitating international trade by adhering to regulatory norms in many countries.

Recognizing this need for a more transparent and consumer-centric food ecosystem, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) introduced the FSS Labelling and Display (L & D) Regulations in 2020 under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 (FSS Act). This landmark legislation marked a significant shift in the way food is labelled and marketed in India. By establishing stricter regulations and mandating the inclusion of comprehensive information on food packaging, the FSSAI aimed to empower consumers to make informed choices while also promoting fair competition within the food industry. This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of the FSS Labelling and Display Regulations 2020. It explores the key provisions of the regulations, analyzes their impact on various stakeholders, and examines the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation. By providing an in-depth analysis, this chapter aims to shed light on the significance of these regulations in shaping a more responsible and transparent food industry landscape in India.

Safe Food means

• It is not injurious to health
• It does not contain any filthy, rotten, decomposed or diseased animal
• substance or vegetable substance
• It is produced undermost hygienic conditions to produce/manufacture it, inferior or cheaper ingredients/raw materials are not used
• Food additives/processing aids used are permitted and are within prescribed limits.
• It is not misbranded

Labelling is a critical component of food regulation, consumer communication, traceability, and brand credibility. This chapter examines the regulatory requirements governing ice cream and frozen dessert labelling in India, with emphasis on FSSAI standards and declarations. It explains the distinction between product standards and label declarations and introduces systems for managing recipe masters, nutrition information, label copy, artwork, and packaging approvals. Mandatory declarations, ingredient information, allergen declarations, nutritional information, claims, and common labelling errors are considered. The chapter also identifies departmental responsibilities and best practices for label compliance. Proper regulatory control ensures accurate consumer information, reduces legal risk, and supports consistent packaging and commercial operations.

ABSTRACT

This paper demonstrates the ability of FTIR for analyzing compositional structures of naturally occurring crystals namely gypsum and calcite. As these two crystals occur in a wide variety of geological environments and are susceptible to compositional and structural changes influenced by pressure, temperature, crystallization fluids and so many other factors, these are extensively studied by geoscientists for interpretation of paleoenvironment, modeling diagenesis of sediments and deducing sediment maturity for hydrocarbon exploration, study of these two crystals is important. Naturally occurring gypsum and calcite crystals collected from Cretaceous marine deposits of Ariyalur area were chosen for the present study as extensive occurrences of hydrocarbons are reported from offshore region of Cauvery basin and exploratory works are going on in the onland region. It is observed that the vibrational spectra of studied crystals show specific patterns in terms of stretching patterns of O-H, C-O, C=O, SO₄ and CO₂. As FTIR offers fast, cost-effective, non-destructive method of analyses of natural compounds, as it is proven useful, it can be utilized extensively in academic research and commercial exploration activities by geoscientists.

Keywords : Spectral characterization, calcite, gypsum, diagenesis, paleoclimate, hydrocarbon exploration.

16.1 Fuel Cell

Fuel cell is an electrochemical device that convert chemical energy of a reaction directly into electrical energy. The basic physical structure of a fuel cell consists of an electrolyte layer in contact with a porous anode and cathode on either side. A schematic representation of a fuel cell with the reactant or product gases and the ion conduction flow directions through the cell is shown in Fig. 16.1

15.1 Fuel Cell

Fuel cell is a electrochemical device that convert chemical energy of a reaction directly into electrical energy. The basic physical structure of a fuel cell consists of an electrolyte layer in contact with a porous anode and cathode on either side. A schematic representation of a fuel cell with the reactant or product gases and the ion conduction flow directions through the cell is shown in Fig. 15.1

9.1 Introduction

Hydrogen is colourless and odourless gas. Hydrogen is simplest and lightest element and most abundant available element on the earth. It is not primary energy source as it does not exist in free state however it presents in compound with oxygen (water) and carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in living material and fossil fuels (natural gas, coal and biomass). Therefore, hydrogen can be produced from these sources using some external energy. Hydrogen can be burned without generating CO₂ and have clean combustion. but with air it can form very explosive mixture. Hydrogen is considered as an energy carrier. Like energy carrier allows the transport of energy in usable form from one place to another. 

INTRODUCTION
The fuel system in a tractor engine is essential for maintaining efficient engine operation by ensuring clean and well-regulated fuel is delivered to the combustion chamber for optimal performance. Proper upkeep of this system, including regular checks on fuel filters, lines, and pumps, helps extend the engine’s lifespan and guarantees smooth operation during demanding agricultural tasks. The fuel system plays a key role in supplying the engine with precisely regulated fuel for combustion. Core components like the fuel pump, fuel filter, and fuel injectors work together to deliver the right quantity of fuel at the appropriate time, ensuring the engine operates efficiently, performs reliably, and lasts longer.
FUEL PUMP
The fuel pump is responsible for drawing fuel from the fuel tank and delivering it to the engine at the correct pressure. It ensures a consistent and reliable flow of fuel to the fuel injectors or carburetor.
Types of Fuel Pumps
• Mechanical Fuel Pump: Common in older tractors, this pump is usually driven by the engine through a gear or camshaft. It delivers fuel from the tank to the fuel system at a steady pressure.
• Electric Fuel Pump: Found in modern tractors, electric pumps are powered by the tractor’s electrical system and provide more consistent pressure and flow. These are often located near the fuel tank and can be activated by a relay or switch.

INTRODUCTION
The fuel system in a tractor engine is essential for providing the engine with the right amount of fuel to enable efficient combustion. Its primary function is to guarantee a steady and reliable flow of clean, properly atomized fuel, which is crucial for achieving optimal performance and fuel efficiency. The system consists of various components that collaborate to manage different processes such as storing, filtering, and delivering the fuel to the combustion chamber.
These processes must work in harmony to ensure the engine operates smoothly, maintaining both power output and efficiency. Proper atomization of the fuel ensures that it mixes well with air, allowing for more complete combustion and minimizing the chances of fuel wastage or emission of harmful substances. From fuel storage tanks to injectors, every part of the fuel system is designed to meet the demands of the engine under various operating conditions.
A well-functioning fuel system helps maintain engine longevity, reduces fuel consumption, and ensures that the engine can perform at its best across different workloads and environments.
Fuel is a substance consumed by the engine to produce power. The common fuel for Internal Combustion engines are
1. Petrol
2. Power kerosene
3. High speed diesel
Calorific value of fuel
The heat liberated by combustion of a fuel is known as calorific value or heat value of the fuel. It is expressed in kcal/kg of the fuel

A fullerene is any molecule composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, or tube. Spherical fullerenes are also called buckyballs, and cylindrical ones are called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes. Fullerenes are similar in structure to graphite, which is composed of stacked graphene sheets of linked hexagonal rings; but they may also contain pentagonal (or sometimes heptagonal) rings.

The first fullerene to be discovered, and the family’s namesake, was buckminsterfullerene C₆₀, made in 1985 by Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley. The name was homage to Richard Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic domesit resembles. Fullereneshave since been found to occur (if rarely) in nature.

The discovery of fullerenes greatly expandedthe numberof known carbon allotropes, which until recently were limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal. Buckyballs and buckytubes have been the subject of intense research, both for their unique chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology.

Introduction

The increase in agricultural production, particularly food grain is one of the major problems of national planners to achieve the target in the food production. Our farmers have been utilized more and more the modern methods of agriculture including the use of chemicals for protection of crop and stored products against the pests. A successful farmer knows that what pests to expect on his crops and stored products, when and under what conditions their attack will be possible. But due to insufficient knowledge of chemicals and their application, our farmers use them without care and injudicious manner, therefore, these chemicals not only give poor kill of insects but also cause the hazards to man and domestic animals. Success in pest control operations depends on many factors such as correct identification of pest, proper timing of insecticidal application, right choice of chemicals and their formulations, doses and method of application.

Fumigants are still widely used for the control of insects and other pest organisms. Because of their unique characteristics and the great adaptability of fumigation technique, fumigants can often provide effective and economical control where other forms of pest control are not feasible. The development of light weight plastic sheets to enclose spaces or materials requiring fumigation has extended its use and made control procedures easier and much more adaptable. Among the fumigants, aluminum phosphide, ethylene dibromide (EDB), Ethylene dibromide- carbon tetrachloride (EDCT) etc. are most common in tropical and sub-tropical while methyl bromide is prevalent in temperate regions. Modern technology and research have also brought to notice certain problems with fumigants that are previously unknown. Among these, adverse effects on seed quality are most important. Thus, fumigants used in seed stores should not affect the viability of the seeds, should not be persistent, non-corrosive and highly diffusible.

Gaseous poisons use to kill insects are called as fumigants. Fumigants are pesticides that form poisonous gases when applied. Some active ingredients are liquids when packaged under high pressure but change to gases when they are released. Other active ingredients are volatile liquids when enclosed in an ordinary container and so are not formulated under pressure. Still others are solids that release gases when applied under conditions of high humidity or in the presence of water vapor.

4.1 Introduction to Function in Python

Python Functions is a block of related statements designed to perform a computational, logical, or evaluative task. The idea is to put some commonly or repeatedly done tasks together and make a function so that instead of writing the same code again and again for different inputs, we can do the function calls to reuse code contained in it over and over again. Functions can be both built-in or user-defined.

Function means sub-program

1. Function definition

2. Function call

Example:

def message: #function definition

print(?hello python”)

message() #function call

Anatomically the male reproduction system comprises of testes, scrotum, duct system, accessory sex glands, prepuce, and penis. Production of spermatozoa and male sex hormone are the main functions of male reproductive physiology. The Male reproductive system can be categorized as: • Primary sex organ – Testicles • Secondary sex organ – Epididymis, vas deference, urethra, and penis. • Accessory sex glands – Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands/cowper’s gland. 1. Testes (Paired male gonads) (Singular: Testis or Testicle) • Testes are the primary sex organs. They are situated in the scrotum at the inguinal region with the help of tunics and spermatic cord. Opening of the scrotal pouch into the abdominal cavity is called as inguinal canal. The testis is covered with an extra abdominal tunic named as tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, and tunica vasculosa from outside to inward. The fluid filled in between the parietal and visceral layers of tunica vaginalis is responsible for the movement of the testis within the scrotum. The upper end of a testicle is occupied by the caput epididymis and the lower end is connected to the cauda epididymis.

Trees alone on the earth give happiness both here and hereafter. Since they “save” from abject poverty they are named “taravah” (the saviors). Therefore, the trees should be carefully nurtured as through their shade, flowers and fruits they help immensely in the pursuit of dharma, artha, and kama (Vrikshayurveda).

Recyclable Packaging Definition: Designed to be collected, processed, and used again in manufacturing, thus reducing reliance on new, raw materials. Materials: Includes materials like paper, glass, aluminum, and some plastics (e.g., PET, HDPE, PP). Challenges: Issues include contamination, difficulty recycling complex multi layered packaging, and regional recycling system variations. Applications: Commonly used for beverage bottles, food containers, cardboard boxes, and various consumer products ( Lin et al .,2022). Reusable Packaging Definition: Packaging that can be repurposed multiple times for its original function or for alternative uses. Materials: Often made from durable materials such as glass, metal, or sturdy plastics for repeated use without losing quality. Examples: Includes glass jars, metal tins, and crates for fresh produce transport. Challenges: Requires efficient collection and cleaning systems and may be unsuitable for single-use or sensitive items like fresh meat. Applications: Frequently found in beverage containers, food storage, and bulk food packaging

Abstract

A functional food is defined as food that provides health benefit beyond the basic nutrition. Such foods reduce risk of high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, cancer and dental caries. Consumers’ increasing interest for maintaining or improving their health by eating specific food items has led to the development of many new functional foods including dairy products. These functional dairy foods contain some functional ingredients that decrease the absorption of cholesterol, reduce blood pressure and play role in regulation of satiety and have antimicrobial effects. Milk is a good source of fat, protein and minerals. It also contains several intrinsic functional components like melatonin, conjugated linoleic acid etc. in amounts lower than the body requirements. Fermented dairy products contain probiotics with special health benefits. Functional dairy foods could be produced with the addition and/or generation of functional components. Some examples include milk, yogurts and cheese enriched with conjugated linoleic acid or plant stanols/sterols to help reduce the risk of heart disease. Fermented dairy foods possess various nutritional and therapeutic properties. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a major role in determining the positive health effects of fermented milks and related products. Dairy products with probiotics and prebiotics enhance digestive health, prevent colon cancer, help in lowering blood pressure and improve immune functions. Melatonin is important in curing of sleep disturbance and enhancement of alertness. Milk derived peptides have immunological, antimicrobial, ACE-inhibitory activity/antihypertensive, anti-carcinogenic and antioxidant activity. The aspects of functional dairy foods will be presented in detail.

Introduction

In terms of individual health and physical condition, the situation in modern society is rather giving rise to concern. The last decades have seen a tremendous increase in availability and variety of food products which has undoubtedly affected the food habits of the average individual. Despite the fact that food has become overall safer and increased accessibility allows for healthier diets, worrying we are nevertheless faced nowadays with diet- related diseases of proper epidemic proportions. We now encounter an epidemic of obesity that spreads not only to the majority of the adult population but also, more worryingly, to young people who have rarely the option of alternative diets. Moreover, as scientific proofs for the link between diet and disease (particularly cardiovascular diseases and some cancers) accumulate, action is urgently needed. There are an increasing number of calls for action. It is within this situation that functional foods have developed. They assume a highly targeted solution to the diet related diseases with effective reduction of risk and improved physical and mental well being. That represents a big step from the traditional food-for-nutrition but the scientific milieu is ready to take the chances. The emerging ‘functional food science’ is focusing research on the effects of functional foods on growth, development, metabolism, the cardiovascular system, intestinal physiology, and even on behavioural and psychological functions (FAIR, 2000, Vol. 1). In view of these facts, it should appear necessary to assess and evaluate the developments in food production in terms of their effect on the individual consumer and the society at large.

1. Introduction
Functional feed additives are specialized, non-nutritive substances added to animal feed with the primary aim of enhancing health, growth, and performance beyond the basic nutritional requirements. Unlike traditional feed ingredients that primarily provide essential nutrients, functional additives are intended to optimize physiological functions and overall well-being in animals. In the context of aquaculture, these additives are particularly crucial for improving the efficacy of fish diets, as they can significantly influence various health and performance parameters.
Functional feed additives can be derived from a diverse array of sources, including:
• Microorganisms: Probiotics and prebiotics that support gut health and improve digestion.
• Plants: Phytochemicals, such as flavonoids and alkaloids, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory properties.
• Natural Compounds: Various extracts and essential oils known for their therapeutic effects on fish health.
By integrating these additives into aquafeeds, aquaculture practitioners aim to promote fish welfare, enhance production efficiency, and ultimately contribute to sustainable fish farming practices.

Introduction

Nutrients are essential substances present in different types of foods which perform various life-sustaining functions in the body. They are required for growth, maintenance and the reproductive process. Poultry require more than 40 such nutrients, which are classified into six major groups - water, carbohydrates, protein (amino acids), fats, minerals and vitamins. Poultry diets must be formulated to provide all these essential nutrients as per the bird’s requirement to achieve optimum growth and production. Several ingredients including cereal grains, cereal by-products, fats, plant protein sources, animal by-products, vitamin and mineral supplements, crystalline amino acids and feed additives are commonly used to prepare poultry diets. Further, specialist areas such as immuno-nutrition are rapidly gaining attention due to continued advancement in the field of poultry nutrition (Beski et al., 2015).

Abstract

Food is basic need of human for its existence. Food is a source of nutrients needed for growth, energy and protection. There are number of chemical compounds not considered as nutrients but has positive effect on health. There is a need to look into the health benefits of the food components. Many lifestyle diseases are caused by the unhealthy food habits. Developments in science have led to establish the link between food intake and healthy living. Non-nutrient compounds of food are also called phyto-chemicals. Functional foods are prepared by increasing a particular nutrient or phyto-chemical to get health benefits. The increased cost of health care and drugs trigger the developments in this area. The approximate global market size is 30 billion US$ while Japan, United States, and Europe are the leaders in functional foods. FICCI has reported that functional food market in India is worth Rs 4,400 crore with growth rate of 21%per annum.

Introduction

The food has been considered as source of nutrients in the past but increasing evidences has proved that particular types of food can help in preventing the diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that deaths due to Non-Communicable diseases are increasing in South East Asian counties; where as CMPN (Communicable, Maternity, Prenatal, and Nutrition) are

Production: According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nation, the global production of fruits and vegetables including melons was 638 and 1090 million metric tons while India produced 75 and 106 million metric tons in 2011. In addition to this, the world production of roots and tuber was 810 million metric tons whereas India produced 51 million metric tons in 2011. It indicates that fruits and vegetables form an important part of the diet in the world including India. There is an ample opportunity to manufacture various health promoting products based on fruits and vegetables. A number of Fruits and Vegetable based functional food that can be prepared and presented in (Table 1) indicates the role of fruits and vegetables in the nutraceutical production for their health benefits.

Introduction
 
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still a major cause of death in Western populations and is becoming an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thanks to advanced medical knowledge and treatments, many patients survive an initial event. Because of that, prevention of secondary CVD is a growing task for nutritionists and other health professionals. Cardiovascular risk can be reduced by lifestyle changes, one of which is diet. There is now substantial evidence from epidemiological and clinical studies that a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, unrefined grains, fish and low-fat dairy products, and low in saturated fats and sodium, can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and hypertension.

Introduction
 
Diabetes shows a wide range of variation in prevalence around the world and it is expected to affect 300 million by the year 2025. In a prevention framework where banning policies and educational strategies lead the interventions, functional foods (FFs) with their specific health effects could, in the future, indicate a new mode of thinking about the relationships between food and health in everyday life. Functional ingredients, such as stevioside, cinnamon, bitter melon, garlic and onion, ginseng, Gymnema sylvestre and fenugreek, have been addressed for their specific actions towards different reactions involved in diabetes development. New strategies involving the use of FF should be validated through large scale population trials, considering validated surrogate end points to evaluate the effect of FF in prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Introduction

The search for weight controlling foods began in the mid 19^th century when industrialization led to widespread obesity. Over the years, people have tried to lose weight by avoiding particular food groups like carbohydrates, eating specific foods such as cabbage soup, or adding a certain ingredient, like vinegar or grapefruit to each meal. Recently scientists have demonstrated that green tea, dairy products, and cinnamon have the potential to improve weight control by altering fat and/or carbohydrate metabolism at the sub-cellular level. Considerable research is needed, however, before these food items can be used to develop effective weight management products.

Introduction

In recent years, food scientists, nutritionists and health experts have become more inclined towards functional food components present in various food sources due to their positive influence on health, which is beyond providing the basic nutrition.Nowa days, generalconsumers are also seeking healthier food options because of nutritive food habits and awareness. Therefore, it has triggered the studyof food and deep mining of food components from nutritional and health benefit’s perspective also. Functional food ingredient can be defined as any componentwhich is more than a source of nutrient i.e. provides additional specific health benefits. Milk is well known to exert positive effect on human health, provides nutrition and widely consumed all across the globe in form of either milk or milk products. As per the definition, milk is heterogeneous blend of lacteal secretion which contains various elements that displays wide range of chemical and functional activities. It has been more than a source nutrition and supplement to different age groups either neonates, youngsters or grown up peoples (Park, 2009). It is one of the basicelements of many diets either in its native form or fermented form which every class of people can afford and had evolved as one of the important nourishment sources. Milk in its native form contains fewer bioactive components while fermentation process produces numerous secondary metabolites which possess various health-beneficial properties (Stanton et al., 2005).

Introduction

Functional food is a natural or processed food that contains biologically active compounds like nutraceauticals and phytochemicals which have health benefit and thus, an important source in the prevention, management and treatment of chronic diseases. For centuries consumption of fruits and vegetables has been attributed to beneficial health effects. Research studies stated that approximately one-third of cancer risk in humans could be attributed to diet. Free radical formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative stress have been correlated to many human disorders including those of the kidney, eye, lung, liver, nervous system, heart and cardiovascular system. Therefore, foods in our diet that can aid in prevention of these diseases are of major interest to both the scientific community and the general public. Biologically active plant chemicals including traditional nutrients have a beneficial effect on human health. Onion and garlic have received considerable attention for their healthful, functional benefits.

Onion and garlic are the most important vegetable crops grown and consumed almost all over the country. Both the crops belong to the family Alliaceae and have gained the importance of a cash crop in recent years. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha are the major onion growing states whereas Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha are the major garlic growing states. India is a leading producer of onion supporting 20.2% of the world production. Onion is grown in kharif, late kharif and rabi seasons whereas, garlic is grown in rabi season only except in Nilgiri Hills where summer crop is also taken. Onion is normally produced from seeds except multiplier onions where production is taken up vegetatively from bulblets. Garlic is produced vegetatively by planting cloves. Both the crops are rich source of bioactive compounds and have outstanding nutritive value. The nutritive value (per 100g edible portion) of onion and garlic are as follows.

In most countries there is no legislative definition of the term drawing a border line between conventional and functional foods is challenging even for nutrition and food experts. Functional foods do not have a specific place in food law; consequently there is a great deal of confusion about what they are, could or should be. A common perception is that functional foods are foodstuffs either with one or more specific added ingredients (components), or certain substances of common ingredients (components) removed and which are claimed to have a positive influence on human health or well being. The term ‘functional foods’ for this group of products is considered to be an unfortunate one since all foodstuffs are or should be functional and a more appropriate term might be helpful.

Introduction

The tenet “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food,” said by Hippocrates nearly 2,500 years ago, is receiving renewed interest. In particular, there has been an explosion of consumer interest in the health enhancing role of specific foods or physiologically active food components called as functional foods [1]. Clearly, all foods are functional, as they provide taste, aroma, or nutritive value. Within the last decade, however, the term functional as it applies to food has adopted a different meaning - that of providing an additional physiological benefit beyond that of meeting basic nutritional needs.

Abstract

Functional foods and nutraceuticals are one of the fastest-growing segments of the food industry. The demand for these foods is driven by health conscious consumer and the growing awareness of the close connection between diet and health, particularly in relation to chronic diseases. Over the past five years (20082012), the Indian Nutraceuticals Market has been growing at a rapid pace and is expected to rise to US $ 5 billion by 2015. The rapid growth and development of this new industry combined with the need to protect consumer health and interests, has led to the evolution of a myriad of different regulatory frameworks and policies across multiple markets. Japan was one of the first countries to recognize a different category of healthier food products. The Japanese government formally accepted this category in the 1980s. Other developed countries viz. The EU, The US, Canada etc also regulated this sector during 1990s. In India, the Food Safety and Standards Act 2006 (FSSA) was enacted in 2006 in response to pressure from stakeholders and the food industry, transforming the regulation of food in India. Punjab state, with abundance of food grains and increasing trends in fruits and vegetables, provides options for both the producer and growth promotion in the nutraceuticals sector through partenship between research centers, private entrepreneurs and indigenous communities. Regulatory frameworks should focus on the protection of consumers, promotion of fair trade and innovation in the sector. This paper discusses functional foods and nutraceuticals as per food regulations prevalent in various countries and highlights how these regulatory frameworks play a major role in transforming the food sector.

Introduction

The health and wellness continue to drive growth in the global food industry as the consumers are constantly looking for the foods, beverages and other dietary solutions that will help them more aggressively to meet their own unique nutrition and personal health goals. Worldwide countries are going through a nutritional transition and are now affected by double burden of problems like nutritional and food security. The common alarming problems are under nutrition and specific nutrient deficiencies simultaneously coupled with imbalanced diets and chronic diseases. The problem of chronic diseases, non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, diabetes, obesity, cancer etc.) and malnutrition is more serious in the developing countries. The lack of access to health services, sufficient income, healthy and nutritious foods characterize majority of poor people in developing countries. So, food is not only the solution but also viewed as a product to enhance health and wellbeing, and it encourages the producers by supplying new goods that meet these needs. From the past decade, there has been growing consumer awareness regarding health, nutrition and the food safety which are often triggered by specific food incidents, especially in the developed countries and high-income groups in such countries. In the food industry there have been two broad trends which are hazards in the food chain and nutritional profile of the food. There has been recognition that hazards and contaminants can enter the food chain and can cause sickness, death and diseases, and so governments, often to deal with consumer and industry concerns, establish regulations and standards on food hazards including standards on pesticides, antibiotics, microbiological hazards and other chemical and physical contaminants. On the other hand, there is also a growing awareness of the health-enhancing properties for prevention and treatment of health concerns beyond the basic nutritional component of many foods.

Introduction

Increasing knowledge regarding the impact of diet on human health along with state-of-the-art technologies has led to significant nutritional discoveries, product innovations, and mass production on an unprecedented scale. In particular, naturally occurring bioactive extracts or single compounds thereof, that are believed to benefit human health, have spawned an important and dynamic new area of research resulting in substantial advances in nutritional knowledge. There is also growing awareness that dietary source and form of food may affect overall health. Suitably, the role of food as an agent for improving health has been recognized, initiating the development of new classes of food, known as functional foods (Honkanen 2009).

The concept of functional foods is to improve the general conditions of the body and decrease the risk of illness and disease. That is to say, bioactive compounds present as natural constituents or as fortificants in food having the potential to provide health benefits beyond the basic nutritional value of the product. Marine-derived nutrients and other marine bioactive components have excellent potential as functional food ingredients as they possess advantageous physiological effects, with medicinal characteristics and added health benefits such as anticancer or anti-inflammatory activity.

The marine world, due to its phenomenal biodiversity, is a rich natural resource of many biologically active compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), sterols, proteins, polysaccharides, antioxidants and pigments. Many marine organisms live in complex habitats exposed to extreme conditions and, in adapting to new environmental surroundings, they produce a wide variety of secondary (biologically active) metabolites which cannot be found in other organisms. Moreover, considering its great taxonomic diversity, investigations related to the search of new bioactive compounds from the marine environment can be seen as an almost unlimited field.

INTRODUCTION

A food may have three attributes (1) Provide energy and nutrition (2) Give pleasure, i.e., enjoyable aroma, colour, and taste and (3) Health benefits. Functional food has physiological benefits and reduces the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutrition.

Functional foods, also reported as ‘nutraceuticals’, ‘medical foods’ or ‘designer foods’ in the literature, were first described by Roberfroid (1999) as ‘Food similar in appearance to conventional food that is intended to be consumed as part of a normal diet, but has been modified to subserve physiological roles beyond the provision of simple nutrient requirements’. Examples are iodized salts, vitamin A and vitamin D fortified milk and yoghurt, folic acid enriched bread, soy products, wheat bran and oats products.

Nutraceuticals and Health Foods

    1.    According to the International Food Information Council (IFIC), functional foods are “foods or dietary components that may provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition.”

    2.    Nutraceuticals : A product isolated and purified from foods that is generally- sold in medicinal forms are usually associated with food. A nutraceutical is demonstrated to have a physiological benefit or provide protection against chronic disease (Coined originally by Stephen DeFelice in 1989, founder and chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine, USA).

    3.    The International Life Sciences Institute of North America (ILSI) has defined functional foods as “foods that by virtue of physiologically active food components provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition

    4.    Health Canada defines functional foods as “similar in appearance to a conventional food, consumed as part of the usual diet, with demonstrated physiological benefits, and/or to reduce the risk of chronic disease beyond basic nutritional functions.”

The word nutrition first appeared in 1551 and comes from the Latin word nutrire, meaning “to nourish.” Today, we define nutrition as the sum of all processes involved in how organisms obtain nutrients, metabolize them, and use them to support all of life’s processes. Nutritional science is the investigation of how an organism is nourished, and incorporates the study of how nourishment affects personal health, population health, and planetary health. Nutritional science covers a wide spectrum of disciplines. As a result, nutritional scientists can specialize in particular aspects of nutrition such as biology, physiology, immunology, biochemistry, education, psychology, sustainability, and sociology.

Disease is defined as any abnormal condition affecting the health of an organism, and is characterized by specific signs and symptoms. Signs refer to identifying characteristics of a disease such as swelling, weight loss, or fever. Symptoms are the features of a disease recognized by a patient and/or their doctor. Symptoms can include nausea, fatigue, irritability, and pain. Diseases are broadly categorized as resulting from pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites), deficiencies, genetics, and physiological dysfunction. Diseases that primarily affect physical health are those that impair body structure (as is the case with osteoporosis), or functioning (as is the case with cardiovascular disease). Mental illnesses primarily affect mental and social well-being.

The foods we eat contain nutrients. Nutrients are substances required by the body to perform its basic functions. Nutrients must be obtained from diet, since the human body does not synthesize them. Nutrients are used to produce energy, detect and respond to environmental surroundings, move, excrete wastes, respire (breathe), grow, and reproduce. There are six classes of nutrients required for the body to function and maintain overall health. These are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals. Foods also contain non-nutrients that may be harmful (such as cholesterol, dyes, and preservatives) or beneficial (such as antioxidants).

1. Introduction

A confection is sweet tasting delicacies developed using sugar and other carbohydrates with optionally selected chocolate, nuts, fruits, vegetables or gums. Depending on the formulation, the confection may vary from sugar boiled hard lozenges to gum based soft gummy toffees, from chewing gums to mouth melting chocolates. The versatile and broad variation in the product created by differentiating flavours, ingredients and processing has greatly influenced the market demand of these products. Although confection is non-essential commodity but still relished by people of all economic strata and hence creating a great market space and scope of new products.

In confectionery research and development area, current popular sector is functional confections. The sector has been on the trends radar globally, accounting for 8% of the global confectionery market, and most accepted and successful in Japan.

Functional Genomics

• Expressed genes can be identified in a cDNA library
• A microarray can identify genes that are transcribed
• The coordinate regulation of many genes is revealed by a DNA microarray analysis

Proteomics

The proteome is much larger than the genome

2D gel electrophoresis is used to separate a mixture of cellular proteins

Mass spectrometry is used to identify proteins

Protein microarrays can be used to study protein expression and function

15.1 Introduction
Milk is a multifaceted physiological fluid that aids infants in their transition to life outside the womb by supporting digestion and development, as well as providing essential nutrients and bioactive components. It promotes the development of beneficial microflora and enhances the growth of lymphoid tissue. Recent research indicates that the quantity and importance of bioactive compounds in milk may be greater than previously believed. Through research, the distribution and presence of essential components in various animal milks have been analyzed. The consumption of dairy products has been linked to health benefits that mitigate the adverse effects of obesity and overweight. These benefits include a decreased likelihood of being underweight, reduced blood pressure, and a reduced risk of stroke, colon cancer, and osteoporosis. Dairy products provide a valuable combination of nutrients, such as proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, that are essential for the maintenance of blood health, the support of the nervous and immune systems, the improvement of vision, the support of muscle and nerve function, the maintenance of skin health, the maintenance of energy levels, and the overall growth and repair of the body. Furthermore, dairy products can function as carriers for bioactive compounds and may provide a variety of health benefits, such as improved immune function, reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, reduced bone mass loss, and protection against free radical damage, when consumed in an appropriate quantity. Incorporating fruits and vegetables in a variety of forms—including fresh, desiccated, powdered, juiced, pureed, pulped, or extracted—into dairy products such as yogurt, ice cream, and cheese also presents an opportunity to improve their health benefits.

Abstract

Seaweeds are the large marine algae that grow almost exclusively in the shallow waters at the edge of the oceans. Seaweeds are rich sources of many bioactive compounds and nutraceuticals. These factors are considered under two categories: Seaweed phytochemicals and Seaweed polysaccharides. They are rich in soluble dietary fibers, proteins, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, with low caloric value. The red, brown and green seaweeds have been shown to have therapeutic properties for health and disease management. Usually they are only used as gelling agent and stabilizers in the food and pharmaceutical industries, but current research has revealed their potential medicinal uses against many diseases like cancer, allergy, diabetes, oxidative stress, inflammation, thrombosis, obesity, hypertensive and other degenerative ailments. In line with other natural foods like fruits, vegetables and grains, there has been marked interest within the scientific community to assess which fractions of seaweeds may be linked to the historically observed health benefits. As consumer health and nutrition become more influential in the food industry, the use of seaweed as an ingredient is on the rise in product development. For several centuries there has been a traditional use of seaweeds as food in China, Japan and the Republic of Korea. This review undertakes successful exploration of potential of seaweed gums as an functional ingredient in a number of food applications. This addition has the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of a product and hence human health.

This chapter introduces the functional properties that make eggs valuable ingredients in food systems. It explains coagulation and heat-setting, foaming and aeration, emulsification, gelation, colour and flavour development, binding, adhesion and thickening. The effects of pH, temperature, processing conditions and other factors on functional performance are examined. Applications in bakery, confectionery, mayonnaise, sauces, meat products and other foods are discussed. The chapter demonstrates that eggs provide multiple technological functions simultaneously, making them particularly valuable and difficult to replace with a single alternative ingredient.

Introduction

One of the main properties of fermented foods whether alkaline or acidic is the presence and activity of beneficial organisms which themselves make these foods functional. These functional micro organisms have varied roles like conversion of the native constituents of raw materials to forms in which they are more bioavailable, formation of taste, colour and flavouring compounds thereby imparting pleasantness to foods, removal of anti-nutritive factors in food by converting them into much less harmful compounds or degrade certain native toxic elements present in food, formation of biopreservatives which will extend the shelf life of foods and provide microbial security, as pathogens and spoilage microorganisms fail to readily grow in such hostile conditions. These functional microorganisms also produce in foods certain health-promoting bioactive compounds like enzymes, vitamins, minerals or increase the digestibility which may not have been in the original food or raw material before fermentation. In other words they improve the nutrition profile of the foods or naturally fortify foods. Some of these beneficial effects may also lead to the formation of certain compounds which show antioxidant properties in foods. These very roles played by these functional micro-organisms form criteria in their selection for use in food fermentations when they are intentionally added to foods both to initiate and accomplish desired fermentations.

Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions, and to defend against attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals. Many of these phyto chemicals have beneficial effects on long-term health when consumed by humans, and can be used to effectively treat human diseases. At least 12,000 such compounds have been isolated so far; a number estimated to be less than 10% of the total (Tapsell et al., 2006; Lai and Roy, 2004). These phyto-chemicals are divided into: (1) primary metabolites such as sugars and fats, which are found in all plants; and (2) secondary metabolites (SM) – compounds which are found in a smaller range of plants, serving a more specific function (Meskin, 2002). For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination.

Abstract
 
Spray drying is used as one of the best alternatives for extracting essential constituents of fruit and vegetables. Spray drying of fruits and vegetable juice/purees, which is an excellent source of bio-functional properties into a solid phase helps to enhance their stability and controlled release in different food matrices. Spray drying along with different carrying agents helps to retain essential active compounds in fruits and vegetables. Spray drying is generally carried in three steps viz. atomization of liquid feed by suitable atomizer; drying of droplets with the help of hot air and motion of droplets. Carrier agents like maltodextrin, wax starch, Gum Arabic and microcrystalline cellulose are added to the feed to increase glass transition temperature. Chapter presents the effects of different operating parameters of spray drying as well as effects of carrier agents on the physicochemical and functional properties of spray dried fruit and vegetables powders.

Abstract

Wheat gluten consists mainly of gliadin and glutenin polypeptides. During mixing gliadin and glutenin proteins interact to form a unique viscoelastic gluten network, which is envisaged as being necessary for holding the gases and for producing a light porous crumb textured bread. Recent work has confirmed that the elastic properties of gluten are due to the glutenin fraction, whilst the viscous properties are attributed to the gliadin fraction. Equal amount of these two major protein components of wheat gluten is required for achieving the desired bread quality, but variation in the composition and physical properties of the glutenin polypeptides appear to be largely responsible for the differences in the gluten viscoelasticity and breadmaking potential among wheat cultivars. Recently, associations of gliadin polypeptides with breadmaking quality have also been reported. Using improved protein separation and purification techniques, physical methods and genetic engineering, we are beginning to understand the structure-functional relationship of wheat gluten proteins, but much remains to be explored in the years to come. 

The functioning of the Women Dairy Cooperative Societies depends upon the variations in managerial capacity leading to profit and loss of different WDCS. To make an in-depth analysis, the study was undertaken in undivided Cuttack and Dhenkanal district of Odisha covering 22 randomized WDCS with a sample of 110 women respondents.

The analysis of the findings after statistical treatment have been presented objective-wise as follows;

Socio-economic profile of the members of WDCS involved in dairy production activities.

Gap between procedures prescribed and followed in formation and functioning of WDCS.

Identification and analysis of key performance areas in the WDCS.

Determination of management practices and milk production profiles of WDCS members.

Extent of participation of women members in dairy activities.

Entrepreneurial characteristics of members of Women Dairy Cooperative Society.

Impact of WDCS on socio-economic status of the members.

Correlating variables and their interrelationship in predicting smooth functioning of WDCS.

Constraints faced by the WDCS members.

Suggestions of members for improvement in functioning of WDCS

Every nutrient has its specific functions to play in the biological system. As we know there are six nutrients i.e., water, carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins and each of these have different functions, it will be discussed separately for each nutrients.

2.1 Water

Water is the ideal dispersing medium because of its solvent and ionizing powers which facilititates cell reaction and due to its high specific heat which helps to absorb the heat of these reactions with a minimum rise of temperature. Lean adult body contains about 70 percent of water, though the amount varies from embryo to mature animals.

A business plan is a document that summarises a company’s operational and financial goals. It is a road map to success for a business, with detailed plans and budgets outlining how the goals will be met. A business plan outlines how a company will achieve its objectives. A business plan is an essential first step for anyone starting a business. These concrete milestones will aid in tracking the company’s success (or lack thereof). There are various business plans for various purposes, and the best business plans are living documents that respond as quickly as possible to real-world factors.

A good business plan adheres to widely accepted guidelines in terms of both form and content. A business plan is divided into three sections:

• The first is the business concept, in which you discuss the industry, your business structure, your specific product or service, and your plans for success.