eChapters

1. Introduction

Pulpy and juicy fruits like orange, guava, banana, grape, mango, papaya, pears, apples and jackfruit can be converted into fruit products like squashes, juices, cordials and ready-to-serve (RTS) fruit beverages. These RTS fruit beverages are both refreshing and thirst quenching and have become very popular. Liquid fruits are the clarified juices prepared from these pulpy and juicy fruits. There is a demand for liquid fruits in the international market for various applications. The liquid fruits can be used as a natural alternative to synthetic beverages. They can be suitably concentrated or diluted, blended with other juices and also can be carbonated as fruit based soft drinks. Removals of pulpy material from the juices make them easier to preserve by pasteurization and are amenable to carbonation. Pulpy fruits can be successfully processed into liquid fruits (clarified juices) by using pectic enzymes. The emphasis of the fruit juice processing industry has, so far, been mainly on conventional clarification processes like enzymatic and chemical treatments followed by filtration using filter aids; and concentration by vacuum evaporation.

1. Introduction

Membranes separation processes have gained widespread applications in food industry. High selectivity of membrane has been exploited for separating a particular component from complex liquid food mixture and for controlled release of active ingredients like preservatives or flavor compounds. Today, a number of chemical processes utilizing the unique properties of membrane have been developed for commercial application in food industry with specific advantage of low energy requirement. Membrane separation/molecular sieving is one among those food engineering principals which has found broad range of applications including concentration of heat labile compounds, recovery of solvent, downstream processing, flavor volatile recovery, deacidification, desalination, waste water treatment etc

Introduction
Ensuring environmental sustainability through wastewater treatment is a crucial part of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The global shortage of clean water and the potential for future water scarcity, particularly in developing countries, represent a major crisis for humanity in this century and beyond. The UN reports that 1.2 billion people currently lack access to clean drinking water, and half of the global population does not have sufficient water purification. By 2025, it is expected that 1.8 billion people will live in regions facing severe water shortages (WHO, 2018). Currently, onethird
of the world’s population lives in water-stressed countries, and this figure is expected to increase to two-thirds by 2025. By 2050, between 2 and 7 billion people may face water shortages. The worsening water situation is largely due to inadequate water supplies and rising demand in developing countries driven by rapid population growth and industrialization. Contaminated water and poor sanitation contribute to nearly 60% of global illnesses. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 2.4 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities, and over 1 billion lack access to safe drinking water. Unclean water can lead to diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, guinea worm infections, typhoid, intestinal worms, and trachoma (WHO/UNICEF, 2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that four billion people suffer from diarrhea each year, leading to nearly 1.8 million deaths, with 90% of these deaths occurring in children under five years old. The quality of available water is declining because of rising pollution from industrial, agricultural, and other human activities. This issue is becoming a significant environmental problem.

Introduction

Since 1990, there has been a lot of interest in functional foods and nutraceuticals, particularly because of their impact effects on human health and the prevention of certain diseases. Apart from growing good quality natural products, there are challenges in extracting, refining, analyzing active ingredients, and evaluating safety before an effective, reliable product is made [1,2]. Special attention needs to be focused on separation and purification mainly because 40-80% of the cost of production is assigned to separation and purification unit operations in making functional foods and nutraceuticals. There are also several carotenoids and polyphenol products that have been identified from various plants and a single plant could contain highly complex profiles of these compounds. These are labile to heat, air, and light, and they may exist at low concentrations in the plants. This makes the separation and detection of nutraceuticals a challenging task. The membrane techniques used for the separation of nutraceuticals from the natural products, as well as their applications and influencing factors are discussed in this chapter [3, 4].

ALL MOLECULES MOVE CONTINUOUSLY BY SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Heat energy causes molecules to move randomly (sometimes called Brownian motion)

If the concentration of molecules is different in 2 regions (this produces a concentration gradient), diffusion will cause molecules to move from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration

The higher the concentration gradient the more rapid the net diffusion

Diffusion evens out the concentrations so they are equal everywhere (maximum entropy)

If 2 different substances have the same concentration gradient, usually one will move faster than the other

Differences in speed between molecules with the same concentration gradient are given in terms of diffusion constants

A substance with a high diffusion constant moves faster than one with a low diffusion constant

In general, large molecules move slower than small molecules

Diffusion across a membrane is called permeability, and membrane diffusion constants are called permeability constants

Introduction
Public speaking is a skill that blends art and science. It requires a speaker to convey ideas effectively while engaging and inspiring an audience. One technique often employed by speakers is “memorize speaking,” where the speech is committed entirely to memory and delivered without notes. While it has its challenges, memorize speaking can be an invaluable skill, especially in professional settings, competitions, or high-stakes events where precision and fluency are essential.
This chapter explores the concept of memorize speaking, its benefits and challenges, strategies for mastering it, and practical tips for delivering impactful memorized speeches.
Understanding Memorize Speaking
Memorize speaking refers to delivering a speech that has been rehearsed to the point where it can be presented from memory without reliance on notes or visual aids. Unlike extemporaneous speaking, which relies on a general outline and prompts spontaneity, memorize speaking demands a more structured and methodical approach.
Memorize speaking is often used in contexts such as:
1. Public performances like theater or TED Talks.
2. Competitions where precision and timing are critical.
3. Professional presentations that require polished delivery.

1. The first Director of IARI was ?????.
   1. M. S. Randhawa
   2. B. P. Pal
   3. M. S. Swaminathan
   4. G. Kalloo
2. In vegetable blanching is done for?????.
   1. Removal of microorganism
   2. To activate the enzymes
   3. To retention colour
   4. All of the above
3. Viviparous refers to?????.
   1. Germination of seed on mother plant
   2. Germination of seed in the field
   3. Germination of the seed on monoecious plant
   4. Germination of seed on any place
4. Sourness in radish is due to ?????.
   1. Isosinate
   2. Isothiocinate
   3. Anthocyanin
   4. All of the above

About Mendel

Born in what is now the Czeck Republic.

Grew up in an agricultural environment.

Became a priest-teacher at a local monastery.

Took courses in botany, physics, and mathematics at the University of Vienna.

Gregor Mendel was the first person to comprehend some of the most basic principles of genetics. He reached these understandings in the mid-nineteenth century; working in what is now the Czech Republic and using as his experimental subjects a species of garden pea, Pisum sativum..

Carried out “hybridization” experiments with the common garden pea.

Mendel’s hypotheses became the laws of inheritance in modern genetics.

Mendel’s work re-discovered by Correns, DeVries, and Tschermak in 1900. Period of modern “Mendelian” genetics begin.

Historically the first and still the most conclusive evidence for the existence of genes comes from the phenomenon of segregation of traits observed in the offspring of hybrids between individuals or strains that differ in some recognizable respect. The principle of segregation was formulated by Gregor Johann Mendel in 1866 under such peculiar circumstances that the scientific world failed to recognize it until after a lapse of 34 years. In the first place Gregor Mendel was not primarily a biologist but a Monk in the Augustinian monastery at Bruenn, Austria (now Brno, Moravia in Czech Republic). During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping. He became part time monk because it enabled him to obtain an education without having to pay for it himself. From 1840 to 1843 he studied Practical and Theoretical Philosophy and Physics at the Philosophical Institute of the University of Olomouc. Upon recommendation of his teacher, Mendel entered the Augustinian St. Thomas Abbey in Brno and began his training as a Priest. Born Johann Mendel, he took the name Gregor upon entering religious life. Mendel worked also as a substitute High School teacher. In 1850, he failed the oral part of his examination and could not become a certified High School Teacher. In 1851, he was sent to the University of Vienna to study further so that he could get formal education. Mendel returned to his Abbey in 1853 as a Physics teacher. In 1856, he took the examination to become a certified teacher but again failed the oral part.

Introduction
Plant breeding involves the application of natural and artificial selection to create heritable variations and novel combinations of alleles in plants, aiming to identify those with new and useful properties. The primary goals of plant breeding are to develop crop varieties with unique and superior traits for various agricultural applications. Commonly targeted traits include tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, high grain or biomass yield, end-use quality characteristics such as taste, and specific concentrations of biological molecules (proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins, fibers). Additionally, ease of processing (harvesting, milling, baking, malting, blending, etc.) is often a key consideration. The specific goals of a plant breeding project are highly dependent on the intended market for the product. For instance, in wheat, varieties bred for high gluten protein content are used for making noodles and breads, while varieties selected for low protein content are used for pastry flours. Similarly, grape varieties are developed with varying chemical compositions to suit different applications such as juices, red and white wines, and jams.
Plant breeders utilize various techniques to enhance the genetic composition of crops, with successful strategies depending on the plant’s physical, physiological, and hereditary characteristics. Different breeding approaches are needed for self-pollinating, cross-pollinating, and clonally-propagated plants. As human civilization has advanced, the methods used by plant breeders have evolved, incorporating humanity’s growing understanding of genetics.

A fair number of practical breeding experiments were done in ancient times

People knew there was a connection between sex and reproduction

The idea had developed that “like begets like”

By selecting certain plants and animals and breeding them many domestic varieties of plants and animals had been developed

Example: corn was developed from a wild grass in Mexico and Central America, probably about 5000 years ago

149 of the top 150 plant crops were domesticated by primitive man

Mendel’s 3 Laws (Segregation, Independent Assortment, Dominance).In the 1860s, an Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel introduced a new theory of inheritance based on his experimental work with pea plants.Mendel believed that heredity is the result of discrete units of inheritance, and every single unit (or gene) was independent in its actions in an individual’s genome.According to this Mendelian concept, the inheritance of a trait depended on the passingon of these units.For any given trait, an individual inherits one gene from each parent so that the individual has a pairing of two genes. We now understand the alternate forms of these units as ‘alleles’.If the two alleles that form the pair for a trait are identical, then the individual is said to be homozygous and if the two genes are different, then the individual is heterozygous for the trait.The breeding experiments of the monk in the mid-1800s laid the groundwork for the science of genetics.He studied peas plant for 7 years and published his results in 1866 which was ignored until 1900 when three separate botanists, who also were theorizing about heredity in plants, independently cited the work.In appreciation of his work he was considered as the “Father of Genetics”. A new stream of genetics was established after his name as Mendelian genetics which involves the study of heredity of both qualitative (monogenic) and quantitative (polygenic) traits and the influence of environment on their expressions.Mendelian inheritance while is a type of biological inheritance that follows the laws originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866 and re-discovered in 1900.
Mendel carried out breeding experiments in his monastery’s garden to test inheritance patterns. He selectively cross-bred common pea plants (Pisum sativum) with selected traits over several generations. After crossing two plants which differed in a single trait (tall stems vs. short stems, round peas vs. wrinkled peas, purple flowers vs. white flowers, etc), Mendel discovered that the next generation, the “F1” (first filial generation), was comprised entirely of individuals exhibiting only one of the traits. However, when this generation was interbred, its offspring, the “F2” (second filial generation), showed a 3:1 ratio- three individuals had the same trait as one parent and one individual had the other parent’s trait.

Mental and emotional health encompasses psychological, emotional, and social well-being. It influences how people think, feel, behave, make decisions, cope with difficulties, and interact with others. Mental health is not merely the absence of mental illness; it is an essential component of overall health and quality of life. Regular self-care can help individuals maintain emotional balance and support treatment and recovery when mental-health problems occur. Psychologists and mental-health professionals have an important responsibility to assist emotionally distressed individuals in overcoming adjustment and personality-related problems and leading normal, productive lives. Mental and emotional difficulties may be triggered by stressful circumstances, including bereavement, family conflict, relationship changes, physical illness, or incomplete recovery caused by stopping treatment prematurely. Recognising such triggers and early warning signs can help prevent symptoms from worsening. Therefore, proper care, healthy habits, professional support, and preventive strategies are necessary to promote lasting mental and emotional well-being throughout every stage of human life.

According to the World Health Organization (2005), total health means the physical, mental, emotional and social health of a person. In these days of turmoil and hustle-bustle of modern life, emotional health has become as important as physical and mental health of an individual. A man should be physically fit, mentally alert, emotionally matured and socially adjusted, to lead a well-balanced life. A man who is having sound physical and mental health will also have good emotional health which will lead to social health. It means that all these four components of health are interrelated.

Emotional health depends upon a man’s emotional wellbeing, which is based on our self-concept, and self-esteem, that is how we feel about ourselves and behavior which is appropriate and healthy. Emotionally healthy people can adjust to their environment and solve their problems effectively and efficiently and in this way, they get satisfaction and pleasure out of life. So, it is essential to study the mental and emotional health of an individual, as both mental and emotional health are interrelated. It means that a person who is mentally healthy will also be emotionally healthy. In the same way, one who has good emotional health will also have good mental health.

For the maintenance of mental health, positive behavior or positivity in life is a very essential trait. Positive behavior helps develop love, mental peace, harmony, cordiality, happiness, and better inter-personal relationships; whereas negative behavior is responsible for creating animosity, hatred, fear and anger among us, which adversely affects our mental health. It will make us unhappy, miserable, and sad.

Positive behavior leads to positive thinking, positive feelings, and positive actions. On the other hand, negative behavior develops negative thoughts, negative attitudes, as well as nefarious activities. Psychologists are working in this area to make the life of a man happy, effective, and successful. This area is called Positive Psychology, which is a recent branch of psychology that is the youngest area in the behavioral sciences.

Positive psychologists seek “to find and nurture genius and talent and to make normal life more fulfilling” (Crompton, 2005) and not simply to treat mental illnesses. They are trying to make the world a happier place.

Disorders of Children and Youth
Although it is sometimes assumed that childhood and adolescence are times of carefree bliss, as many as 20% of children and adolescents have one or more diagnosable mental disorders. Most of these disorders may be viewed as exaggerations or distortions of normal behaviors and emotions. Childhood mental and developmental disorders encompass neurodevelopmental, emotional and behavioral disorders that have broad and serious adverse impacts on psychological and social wellbeing. Children with these disorders require significant additional support from families and educational systems. These children are more likely to experience a compromised developmental trajectory, with increased need for medical and disability services, as well as increased risk of contact with law enforcement agencies (Fergusson and others, 1993).
Like adults, children and adolescents vary in temperament. Some are shy and reticent; others are socially exuberant. Some are methodical and cautious and others are impulsive and careless. Whether a child is behaving like a typical child or has a disorder is determined by the presence of impairment and the degree of distress related to the symptoms. For example, a 12-yr-old girl may be frightened by the prospect of delivering a class report in front of her class. This fear would be viewed as social phobia only if her fears were severe enough to cause significant impairments and distress. The mental disorders that children can develop are commonly divided into two groups: disruptive or externalizing behavior disorders (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct problems) and emotional or internalizing behavior disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression). In this unit we would focus on types of internalizing and externalizing disorders in children. We will also discuss in depth the etiology and treatment involved in these disorders.

Suicide among young people is a very serious problem in our society. Suicide is the second leading cause of death among children, adolescents, and young adults aged 15 to 29. Most children and adolescents who attempt suicide have a significant mental health disorder, usually depression.

Suicide is a problem throughout the lifespan. Suicidal behavior refers to talking about or taking actions related to ending one’s own life. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors should be considered a psychiatric problem. It is like injuring oneself and harming oneself. It is ending the life of the self.

Suicide is a psycho-social problem. It is related to the emotional life of a man. It has social ramifications, as it is a criminal offence, which is a kind of crime. Suicide is an act of intentionally causing one’s own death. It is considered self-murder. It is not concerned with inter-personal relations, but it deals with intra-personal relations. Because it is a self-injurious behavior with the desire to end one’s own life, it is a kind of mental disorder

Mental health is the condition of the mind and mental processes, which function well within the societal laws and prevailing circumstances of a person. Just like physical health means being away from any physical ailments, similarly, mental health is the absence of any mental illnesses or mental disorders. Mental health is a life adjustment. If a person is well-adjusted in his personal, social, and professional life, it means that he has good mental health. Mental health refers to cognitive, behavioral, and emotional well-being. It is all about how people think, feel, and behave.

Mental health is an integral and essential component of health. The WHO constitution states: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Mental health is a state of wellness in which an individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively, and can contribute to his or her community. Mental health is fundamental to our collective and individual ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other, earn a living, and enjoy life. On this basis, the promotion and maintenance of mental health can be regarded as a vital concern of individuals, communities, and societies throughout the world.

Here in this chapter, we will discuss the concept and importance of mental health in our ordinary lives.

The strains and stresses of our modern living, i.e., insecurity, worry, unhappiness, have helped to make mental illness our number one health problem. The twentieth century was often referred to as the “Age of Anxiety”, but the twenty-first century is considered the period of ‘strains and stresses’ as well as ‘hustle and bustle’. These days, psychological burnout and the problem of depression are increasing day by day.

Despite the proximity and enormity of the problem of mental illness and the familiarity and understanding with which we should approach it, attitudes towards it exist in our culture that are very old now, as many people still regard mental illness as they once regarded cancer, polio, and other diseases—as incurable, something mysterious and fearful. Some people still consider that somebody has done magic on these people, or some bad element has entered their bodies.

Virtually, all of us will encounter mental illness at sometimes or another in our lives, either in our own family or in our circle of friends. We consider it a stigma, and we don’t want to reveal this bad omen to others. All these things are related to our mental health. Good mental health leads to mental hygiene. So, it is important to know what mental hygiene is and how to inculcate the different aspects of mental hygiene.

Positive psychology plays a pivotal role in the well-being of adolescents by addressing their strengths and nurturing a growth mindset. It emphasises cultivating resilience, fostering optimism, and instilling gratitude rather than focusing on challenges only. This approach aids young individuals in developing a positive outlook on life, thereby enhancing their mental well-being and overall sense of contentment. By prompting to enhance their strengths, positive psychology equips them with the necessary skills to navigate obstacles and setbacks, resulting in enhanced academic achievements, stronger social connections, and heightened self-confidence. Essentially, it transforms potential hindrances into opportunities for personal growth and prosperity.
The well-being of adolescents is significantly affected by the domestic environment, underscoring the paramount importance of parenting. Parenting is often perceived as an inherent aptitude, typically acquired from one’s parents and through firsthand experience in child-rearing. Despite divergent perspectives on what constitutes ‘effective’ parenting, child psychologists universally acknowledge its pivotal role in fostering robust development, social integration, academic achievement, and self-assurance. Authoritative parenting – characterized by a blend of parental authority and profound attentiveness to the child’s needs – is widely regarded as the optimal approach to nurturing psychologically resilient children (Baumrind, 1991, 1993).

Mental wellbeing in youngsters is not merely the absence of mental illness; it encompasses a state of positive psychological functioning, where individuals are able to manage their emotions, build healthy relationships and navigate the challenges of life. This period is characterized by significant physical, emotional and cognitive development, making it a critical time for establishing the foundations of mental health.
Mental wellbeing is a crucial aspect of overall health, especially during the formative years of childhood and adolescence. In the contemporary scenario, for youngsters, the journey to mental wellbeing is a complex interplay of biological, psychological and social factors. This journey is increasingly shaped by rapid societal changes, technological advancements, academic pressure, family dynamics and global crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These influences have profound implications for the mental health of young people, making it essential to explore the current challenges and opportunities in promoting mental wellbeing among this demographic.
Psychological Development During Adolescence
Adolescence is a time of significant psychological change, marked by the development of identity, self-concept and emotional regulation. During this stage, youngsters begin to form their own beliefs and values, separate from those of their parents or guardians. They also develop the capacity for abstract thinking and moral reasoning, which allows them to engage with complex social issues and make independent decisions. These developmental processes are influenced by a range of factors,

Defining Wellbeing
The notion of wellbeing is not new, it is much more difficult to come up with a consensus definition since the phrase is frequently ill-defined and under-theorized (Camfield, Streuli & Woodhead, 2009). The problem of definition inconsistency is exacerbated by the fact that the phrases “wellbeing” and “happiness,” “flourishing,” “enjoying a good life,” and “life satisfaction” are frequently used synonymously, although having quite different connotations.
Defining wellbeing is tough because it's talked about in many different ways across local and global media, literature, and daily conversations. So many voices, so many angles. But that makes the journey of understanding it all the more fascinating! At first, there were two distinct schools of thinking on wellbeing: hedonic and eudemonic. From a hedonic perspective, happiness is defined as the sum of all happy experiences.
Philosophers like DeSade, Bentham and Hobbes defined wellness as the “pursuit of sensations and pleasure” Hobbes as “a pursuit of human appetites,” and Husain (2008) as “the good society is built through maximizing pleasure and self-interest.” Being loyal to one’s inner self and having a eudaimonic viewpoint on wellbeing are synonymous with the concept of eudaimonia. Maslow (1970) developed a notion of self that builds upon the eudaimonic idea of wellbeing. The conditions that exist in life and the ways in which a person or community makes use of those situations directly affect the quality of life that an individual or community experiences. Wellbeing has become “something everyone seemingly aims for and arguably has a right to,” according to McCallum and Price (2016).

In today’s world, where youngsters face inevitable stress and pressure, wellbeing has gained significant importance. Since research began in the field of mental wellbeing, psychologists have increasingly focused on ‘quality and satisfaction of life,’ making it a popular topic. Quality of life and life satisfaction measure an individual’s perceived level of psychological wellbeing, wellness and happiness, often used interchangeably with subjective or general wellbeing. Mental wellbeing can be described as the overall mental state of an individual who is well-adjusted to their environment. This includes feelings of contentment, enjoyment, happiness, satisfaction with life experiences, job satisfaction and a sense of achievement and belonging. Additionally, it encompasses the ability to manage grief, distress, dissatisfaction, fear or worry in personal and social life. Due to the difficulty in objectively measuring these parameters, the term ‘subjective’ or general wellbeing is emphasized. This concept generally promotes a subjective sense of wellbeing, influencing individuals’ attention to self-care and emotional wellbeing.
Researchers studying subjective or general wellness often view it as a multi-faceted domain rather than a single construct (Pavot and Diener, 2003). Diener, Suh, Lucas and Smith (1999) define subjective wellness as a broad category that includes people’s emotional responses, domain satisfaction and overall life satisfaction. The concept of wellness encompasses both physical and mental health, as well as moral and ethical values. Life is not always smooth; people encounter failures, frustrations and disappointments. It is the mental strength and wisdom of a person that helps them move forward and emerge from life’s occasional darkness to achieve wellness. Maintaining mental balance amid life’s difficulties is crucial for achieving one’s goals.

Cabbage semilooper: Thysanoplusia orichalcea :Noctuidae

Eggs are laid singly on lower surface of leaves.  The emerging larvae feed as a scraper initially and then feed voraciously on the leaves. The larva is greenish and hence not easily noticed initially. But when patches of damage occur in the crop, examine for the larvae and remove and destroy all the larvae. Chemical control is not advisable, and spraying extracts of other aromatic plants can deter egg laying very well.

Abstract

Mentoring is a personal enhancement strategy through which one person facilitates the development of another by sharing known resources, expertise, values, skills, perspectives, attitudes and proficiencies. The concept of mentoring is not new. Guru – Shishya traditions in every old civilization are the examples of mentoring by which culture, technology and knowledge have been successfully disseminated from older generation to newer generation. Being an important career building factor, now more emphasis is given to develop mentoring relationship in organization level. In office culture mentoring facilitates an environment in which an individual grows both as a person and as a professional.

Mentoring represents a developmental relationship between a more experienced individual and a less experienced person, characterized by guidance, support, and knowledge transfer that facilitates personal and professional growth. The word “mentor” originates from Homer’s epic poem “The Odyssey,” where Mentor serves as a wise counselor and guide to Telemachus during Odysseus’s absence. This classical reference captures the essence of mentoring as a relationship built on wisdom sharing, guidance provision, and developmental support that extends beyond mere instruction or supervision.

Contemporary definitions of mentoring emphasize its multifaceted nature as both a relationship and a process that serves developmental functions for mentees while often providing reciprocal benefits for mentors. Kram’s seminal work defines mentoring as a relationship between a young adult and an older, more experienced adult that helps the younger individual navigate the adult world and the world of work. This definition highlights the developmental and navigational aspects of mentoring while recognizing the experience differential that typically characterizes these relationships

Abstract

Oolichan (Thaleichthys pacificus), a small anadromous smelt also known as “savior fish”, were a necessity of life for Pacific Northwest Coastal and adjacent interior indigenous peoples, as they were the first fish to return to the rivers after winter and produced not only tasty flesh but also a nutritious oil, or “grease.” A focus of the traditional oolichan culture is the Nass River of northwestern British Columbia, Canada. The valleys and mountains surrounding the Nass River are the traditional homelands of the Nisga’a people, whose technological innovations including implements, buildings, and landscape structures facilitated fishing, production, and preservation of oolichan, as well as salmon. Over thousands of years, the Nisga’a developed plant-based technologies for use in the oolichan fishery and for preparation trade of rendered oolichan “grease”. In turn, structures and implements associated with the oolichan fishery facilitated knowledge exchange across generations, since the oolichan processing areas and fishing camps were the places where elders conveyed their cultural and ecological knowledge to younger people. Structures fashioned from plants helped people to recall the stories, traditions,

Every organ and tissue of the body is more or less affected by this powerful drug; it transforms healthy cells into inflamed and necrotic cells; decomposes the blood producing a profound anaemia. This is converted into useful life saving and life preserving service if employed homoeopathically, guided by its clear-cut symptoms. The lymphatic system is especially affected with all the membranes and glands, and internal organs, bones, etc. lesions produced by Mercury are very similar to those of syphilis. Very often indicated in the secondary stage of syphilis where there is a febrile chloroanaemia, rheumatoid pains around joints, etc. all mercury symptoms are worse at night, from warmth of bed, from damp, cold, rainy weather, worse during perspiration. It is also known as human 'thermometre'. Sensitive to heat and cold. Breath, excretions and body smell foul. Tendency to pus formation, which is thin, greenish, putrid, streaked with thin blood.

In R there is facility of reshaping the data. Reshaping of data includes joining of two or more vectors to create a data frame. Also two or more data frames can be merged. Appropriate functions are available for these jobs. While merging the data frames, we can join columns or rows.

Illustration of joining two vectors by using cbind() function.

The process of fracture healing is unique, in which damaged bone restores its original architecture but it does not form a poorly organized replacement matrix, otherwise known as scar tissue, rather it regenerates the original matrix and retains its mechanical properties. In order to repair bone defects, a combination of cells with osteogenic activity and appropriate scaffolding material can stimulate bone regeneration and its repair. A potential substitute for autologous transplantation should possess 3 elements: osteoprogenitor cells, osteoinductive factors, and an osteoconductive scaffold. Stem cells from adult tissues are attractive materials for cell therapy and tissue engineering. These cells generally have restricted lineage potential when compared to embryonic stem cells, and this may be advantageous in certain therapeutic applications. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have proven to be beneficial in bone regeneration. Bone marrow stem cells are pluripotent cells with the capability of differentiating osteoblasts so that they have been used to facilitate bone repair. Several studies have shown that seeding of cultured BMSCs on bioabsorbable implants can induce bone formation in vivo and lead to improved healing of critical-size bone defects.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because of their self replication and osteogenic differentiation capabilities are regarded as an excellent source of cells for bone tissue engineering. Autologous stem cells are not always preferable since the quality and quantity of such cells will be affected by metabolic diseases, old age, and osteoporosis. Allogenic BMSCs might be preferable to xenogenic, but they are always not readily available. In addition, allogenic MSCs have the potential for carrying some diseases. The use of non-autologous stem cells isolated from healthy donors offers a major advantage since these stem cells can be thoroughly tested and formulated into off-the-shelf medicine in advance. Major attractive advantage of BMSCs as a source of cell transplantation is their low immunogenecity. It is now well established that BMSCs are immune-privileged cells that do not elicit immune responses due to an absence of their immunologically relevant cell surface markers.

Despite the benefits that minimally invasive surgery and osteosynthesis have brought to fracture management and bone healing, there are still many circumstances where bone healing remains challenging. Large bone defects are serious complications that are most commonly caused by extensive trauma, tumour, infection, or congenital musculoskeletal disorders. In nonunion cases repairing of bone defects with composite biomaterials as defect filler can promote bone regeneration. Currently, the gold standard for bone regeneration is use of autogenous bone graft. In order to avoid morbidity at the donor site or if large amount of autogenous bone is needed, bone substitution materials can be used.

Bone substitution materials can be combined with cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to increase bone formation. Bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent an attractive cell population for tissue regeneration. Bone marrow stem cells are pluripotent cells that have been used to facilitate bone repair because of their capability of differentiating into osteoblasts. Several studies on the regeneration of bone have shown that cultured BMSCs, seeded on different bioabsorbable implants are able to induce bone formation in vivo and lead to improved healing of critical-size defects.

Despite the benefits that minimally invasive surgery and osteosynthesis have brought to fracture management and bone healing, there are still many circumstances where bone healing remains challenging. Large bone defects are serious complications that are most commonly caused by extensive trauma, tumour, infection, or congenital musculoskeletal disorders. In nonunion cases repairing of bone defects with composite biomaterials as defect filler can promote bone regeneration. Currently, the gold standard for bone regeneration is use of autogenous bone graft. In order to avoid morbidity at the donor site or if large amount of autogenous bone is needed, bone substitution materials can be used. Bone substitution materials can be combined with cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to increase bone formation. Bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent an attractive cell population for tissue regeneration. Bone marrow stem cells are pluripotent cells that have been used to facilitate bone repair because of their capability of differentiating into osteoblasts. Several studies on the regeneration of bone have shown that cultured BMSCs, seeded on different bioabsorbable implants are able to induce bone formation in vivo and lead to improved healing of critical-size defects.

Calcium phosphate bone substitutes such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are currently used for bone substitution in many different clinical applications such as repair of bone defects after trauma or tumour and bone augmentation in spinal arthrodesis. Although these bone substitutes are osteoconductive, they often lack the osteogenecity needed to support bone healing in large defects and are slowly degraded in the body. Studies have shown that coating of hydroxyapatite with a calcium silicate layer could encourage cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Silica-calcium phosphate composite in comparison to calcium phosphate-rich biomaterials has a faster resorption rate owing to greater dissolution of Si ions. The use of several growth factors have been studied in bone repair and these factors are known to play a role in differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells specific lineages like endothelial cells or osteoblast. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has been shown to accelerate bone healing in humans and animal models. BMP-2 acts by osteoinduction and is involved in the differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells into osteoblasts. The addition of recombinant human BMP (rhBMP-2) to a self-cross linkable cellulose hydrogels/biphasic calcium phosphate granules construct promotes bone regeneration in a critical-size segmental defect model of non-union in dogs. It is also reported that protein, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) stimulates direct migration of human mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) and contributes to the recruitment of MPC in bone formation and bone healing.

A. Mesta diseases

1. Anthracnose

Occurrence & severity status

Mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus) is very much prone to be attacked by anthracnose disease (Singh, 2014). It is very destructive disease in India (Ghosh, 1983). The disease also occurs in South Korea with overall disease incidence of 20%. (Kwon et al., 2015).

Symptoms

Symptoms on kenaf plants include dark brown spots on the leaves, petioles and stems. New leaves and shoots are most susceptible to infection (Kwon et al., 2015). Initially the terminal bud is attacked, where stipules and young leaves are affected and develop necrotic spots and withers (Singh, 2014). Mature lesions on fully expended leaves are dark brown and often irregular in shape, and not vein delimited. Later, the infected leaves fall off; Flowers and seed capsules are also affected by the disease (Singh, 2010). The stems are affected in patches. On stem the lesions are elongated and black, which later form cavities and in severe cases, stem-dieback or wilt occurs (Singh, 2010; Kwon et al., 2015).

Abstract

Meta analysis quantitatively summarizes the findings of a large collection of individual experiments. It is a powerful statistical tool since it integrates a vast literature and thus includes large sample size. It leads to a stronger conclusion than traditional literary review as studies are analyzed applying statistical methods. Meta- analysis is increasingly being applied in different fields of biological sciences. It has been emerged as an independent subfield of modern health science researches as in this field very few studies achieve statistical power in isolation. Meta- analysis has also become an integral part of plant science research, e.g., agricultural research, ethnobotanical research, tea and health science research etc. Meta-analysis has few limitations although rigorously conducted meta- analyses are considered more valuable than any single study contributing to the analysis.

Introduction

Production of consumer preferred varieties of fish and fish products have been facing several constraints. Identification of potential constraints is important for growth and development of fisheries sector. The constraints of production and marketing have been examined by a number of researchers in different time and place. In this chapter, it is tried to explain an overview of the different constraints of production and marketing of fish and value added fish.

Constraints of production of freshwater fish

Constraints of aquaculture production in developing countries have been identified by Lee (1997) and categorized them as:

1. natural and environmental (inequitable allocation of land resources, insufficient quantity and degraded quality of water, highly seasonal variation in temperature and natural disaster);
2. socioeconomic (insufficiency of infrastructure for production and marketing, variation of prices of inputs, ageing and poor training of aqua-farmers); and
3. Institutional constraints (inefficiency of extension services, lack of a better organization of producers, shortage of rural finance).

15.1. Introduction

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique used to combine the results of multiple studies to produce a single, more precise estimate of the effect size of a particular intervention or association. It is a powerful tool in research, particularly in f ields such as medicine, psychology, education, and social sciences, where it is often necessary to synthesize evidence from numerous studies to draw meaningful conclusions. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of meta-analysis, including its history, methodology, advantages, limitations, and applications.

15.2. Historical Background

The concept of meta-analysis dates back to the early 20th century, but it was not until the 1970s that the term was coined by Gene V. Glass. Glass defined meta-analysis as “the statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating the findings” (Glass, 1976). Since then, meta-analysis has evolved significantly, with advancements in statistical methods and software making it more accessible and robust.

15.3. The Need for Meta-Analysis

15.3.1. Accumulation of Evidence

In many fields, particularly in medicine and psychology, a large number of studies are conducted on the same or similar research questions. However, individual studies may have small sample sizes, leading to low statistical power and inconclusive results. Meta-analysis allows researchers to pool data from multiple studies, increasing the overall sample size and statistical power, thereby providing a more reliable estimate of the effect size.

ìMetabolic Diseasesî mean the diseases that occur due to the ìimbalance between the rate of input of dietary nutrients and the ìoutput of productsî (product like new born, milk for young one etc.) and lead to the occurrence of metabolic derangements in the affected wild animal species.

Management of metabolic diseases depends on an early diagnosis. For an early diagnosis, metabolic profile test (MPT) is a diagnostic tool being commonly used in veterinary practice, particularly for dairy herds, to assess the metabolic health of the animals. It helps in an early detection by measuring various blood parameters that indicate the nutritional and health status of the cows for their effective timely management. MPT is based on the principle that the imbalance between input (feed) and output (production) is reflected in the abnormalities of key metabolites in the blood. Key components of the metabolic profile test 1. Energy balance indicators •     Glucose- Reflects energy status and carbohydrate metabolism. Low levels can indicate negative

1 Metabolic profile test to know the nutritional status of a dairy animal, by assessing the blood used components

a) Complete profile test b) Metabolic profile test

c) Compton metabolic profile test d) Dairy animal metabolism test

Metabolic diseases assume the greatest significance in dairy cows and buffaloes during transition period, and occur due to imbalance in input and
output of production. The main reasons of occurrence of metabolic diseases are an imbalance between the rate of ‘input’ of dietary nutrients and ‘output’
of production.

Metabolic disorders in cattle, such as Milk Fever, Ketosis, Fat Cow Syndrome, and Hypomagnesaemia, affect dairy cows post-calving, disrupting blood metabolites and health. Triggers include diet changes, calving stress, and mineral deficiencies. Untreated, these disorders can lead to mild discomfort or severe complications.
Metabolic diseases are most prevalent in high-producing dairy cows due to the breeding and feeding practices aimed at maximizing milk yield. The period from calving to peak lactation is particularly susceptible to these conditions due to the high turnover of fluids and organic materials. The transition period, defined as 3 weeks before and after calving, is crucial for managing nutrient requirements and preventing metabolic disorders.
As milk production per cow has increased over the years, the complexity of nutrition and management for high-producing cows has also risen. The shift from forage-based to concentrate-rich diets at calving challenges rumen adaptation and can lead to negative energy balance. Balancing milk yield and reproduction becomes a critical aspect of dairy farming success.
Given the interconnected nature of these disorders, herd health management strategies are essential for prevention. Regular monitoring and understanding of metabolic diseases are vital for the successful operation of a dairy farm.
Milk Fever
Milk fever, also known as parturient paresis or hypocalcaemia, is a prevalent metabolic disorder in high-producing dairy animals worldwide. This condition primarily affects dairy cows close to calving and is caused by a low level of calcium in the blood (hypocalcaemia). It is a result of dietary errors and can lead to decreased productivity and economic losses for farmers. Milk fever is a significant concern for dairy industry professionals as it can significantly affect milk production, reproduction, and overall herd health.

A. Answer the following questions

1.    What are metabolic diseases?

Ans: It is defined as disturbances of the internal homeostasis of the body brought about by an abnormal change in the rate of one or more critical metabolic processes.

2.    How do you prevent milk fever by nutritional management?

Ans: By providing a ration that contains 0.5-0.7% Ca and 0.3-0.4% P and by feeding 20 Million Units of vitamin D/cow/ day starting about 5 days before calving and continue for maximum7 days postpartum.

3.    What is the nutritional management strategy to prevent grass tetany?

Ans: A salt lick of 10 parts each of MgSO₄ and Ca(PO₄)₂ with 80 parts of salt is effective. Besides a mixture of 2 parts of MgO and 1 part salt is also effective measure.

4.    Write down the preventive measures of ketosis?

Diseases of metabolic origin are commonly known as metabolic disease viz., bloat, acidosis, milk fever, hypomagnesimia, pregnancy toxaemia etc. However, few common metabolic diseases encountered in herd/ flock management are discussed in the chapter. Among these diseases bloat, acidosis and ketosis are generally occurs due dysfunction in rumen. In the rumen, microbial fermentation occurs due to unique structures and environment. Microbes converts fibrous feeds which are of no use for human beings to important product viz., milk meat, hair and fibre etc. Some bacteria and protozoa have isolated from rumen by the researchers and with their fermented products and pathways. Name of the fermented products with the products is presented in the following Table 24.

Key Points

• Electrolyte Imbalance: Regularly monitor and rectify imbalances in potassium, sodium, and other electrolytes dependent on the individual situation. Prompt management requires early detection of metabolic emergencies.

• Fluid Management: To restore intravascular volume and prevent dehydration in many metabolic emergencies, adequate fluid replacement is essential.

• Continuous monitoring of vital signs, laboratory values, and clinical status is essential for evaluating the efficacy of interventions and making necessary modifications.

Introduction

A class of disorders known as "metabolic emergencies" affect metabolism and physiology abnormally in both congenital and acquired forms. Among these ailments are endocrine disorders, thyrotoxicosis, inborn metabolic inefficiencies, and illnesses linked to electrolyte imbalances. Hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis, as well as hyperuricemia, hyperuremia, and hypercreatininemia due to renal failure, lactic acidosis, hyperammoniemia, and adrenal failure, are metabolic emergencies that pose a life-threatening risk.

Metabolic fingerprinting and profiling provide powerful approaches for investigating global biochemical changes within biological systems. This chapter explains the principles of metabolic fingerprinting and profiling and distinguishes between broad, untargeted characterization and targeted analysis of selected metabolites. It discusses experimental design, sample preparation, analytical platforms, data preprocessing, normalization, statistical analysis, and multivariate approaches used to identify meaningful metabolic patterns. Techniques such as principal component analysis and related statistical methods help reveal differences between biological conditions. The chapter highlights applications in disease investigation, agricultural research, environmental studies, food analysis, and biotechnology, while emphasizing the importance of reproducible analytical procedures and appropriate interpretation of complex metabolomic datasets.

Introduction

While world population is expected to increase from 6 billion to about 8.3 billion, India is likely to be the most populous nation with 1.6 billion in the year 2030. Therefore, it is essential to be prepared to produce sufficient food for the increased population with the application of newer technologies. The consumption of animal food was 10 kg/yr in the 1960s increasing to 26 kg/yr in 2000 and is expected to be 37 kg/yr by 2030 (FAO, 2008; 2009). Large increases in per capita and total demand for meat, milk and eggs are forecast for most developing countries for the next few decades (Delgado et al., 1999). In developed countries, per capita intakes are forecast to change slightly, but the increases in developing countries, with their larger populations and more rapid population growth rates, will generate a very large increase in global demand.

Moreover, an increasing number of consumers demanding healthy and quality foods have pushed researchers into development of technologies that can control the proportion of lean and fat muscle deposition in meat producing animals. A number of technologies have been developed that led to remarkable improvements in the efficiency of animal production and in carcass composition and meat quality. There are some dietary additives and vitamins that may increase protein and muscle deposition, while often simultaneously reducing fat deposition by modifying nutrient metabolism in individuals.

Maintaining a proper acid-base balance is crucial for the health, productivity, and survival of livestock and poultry. The physiological processes that regulate this balance are sensitive to various factors such as diet, environmental conditions, and metabolic disorders. Any disruption can lead to metabolic problems that negatively impact growth, reproduction, immunity, and overall performance. The acid-base balance in animals refers to the maintenance of the blood’s pH within a narrow range, typically 7.35–7.45. It is regulated by three main systems:
Buffer systems
The bicarbonate buffer system is the most significant, comprising bicarbonate ions (HCO3 –) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). It resists rapid pH changes by neutralizing excess acids or bases.
Respiratory regulation
Animals adjust blood pH by modulating the rate and depth of respiration, which affects carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Increased CO2 leads to acidosis, while decreased CO2 causes alkalosis.
Renal regulation
The kidneys excrete hydrogen ions (H+) and reabsorb bicarbonate, playing a long-term role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis.
Disruptions in these systems can lead to two primary conditions: Acidosis: A state where the blood becomes too acidic (pH < 7.35).
Alkalosis: A condition where the blood becomes too basic (pH > 7.45).
Common metabolic problems.

Metabolic profile testing (MPT) refers to the use of a battery of tests for the diagnosis of subclinical nutritional and metabolic disease in dairy cows on a herd basis. Typically, blood samples from 5-7 animals per production group are tested for various analytes. MPT is most useful in the diagnosis and management of periparturient disease. Specific nutrient imbalances, either deficiency or excess, in the diet of late-gestation cows have been related to increased prevalence of milk fever, hypomagnesemia, retained placentas, downer cow syndrome, mastitis, udder edema, ketosis, hepatic lipidosis, and displaced abomasums.