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Pesticide poisoning occurs when a pesticide penetrates the body and disrupts its essential systems. Symptoms can appear anywhere from a half hour to 24 hours following exposure. The common symptoms and indicators of pesticide poisoning are:

Initial symptoms may include

First Aid

First aid is the preliminary care of a person who has been exposed to pesticides before getting proper medical attention. The initial step is to remove the person from the source of the exposure by removing pesticide from their skin, removing contaminated clothing, or transporting them to fresh air. Be careful not to contaminate oneself throughout this process.

Pesticide on the Skin

• Remove any contaminated clothes.

 • Drench clothing and skin with plenty of water.

• Clean hair and skin with soap and water.

• Dry the victim and wrap them in clean clothes.

• Prevent the victim from being chilly or overheated.

Chemotherapy is the procedure of treating a sick or infected plant using chemicals to kill the fungus. Chemotherapy has proven successful in very few circumstances. For example, plants have been treated with antibiotics to minimise the severity of “lethal yellowing” of palm trees caused by Phytoplasma and the decline of pears. Likewise, fungicides have been used to elm trees to mitigate the effects of Ophiostoma ulmi and O? neo-ulmi, the causative agents of Dutch elm disease. The chemotherapy drugs must, however, always be given repeatedly. Systemic fungicides like sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBIS), which partially penetrate plant tissues, eradicate recent infestations.

Chemotherapeutic fungicides are a class of systemic fungicides that have some plant mobility. They are capable of eliminating diseases even in parts of the plant that were not exposed to the chemicals. Unfortunately, pathogens develop resistance to systemic fungicides because they are site-specific

Appropriate selection of fungicides and application at appropriate doses and times are of great importance in the management of crop diseases. A basic requirement of the application method is to get the fungicide to a location where the active ingredient prevents fungal damage to the plant. The fungicidal application varies according to the nature of the host part diseased and nature of survival and spread of the pathogen. The method which are commonly adopted in the application of the fungicides are discussed.

1. Foliar or vegetative application

2. Soil application

3. Seed treatment

Mode of Action of Fungicides

Most fungicides function outside of the host, which is referred to as “protection.” A fungicide that acts outside of the host is referred to as a “protectant fungicide.” This category includes the majority of older fungicides applied on leaves and fruit. “Therapy” refers to chemical action within the host. Fungicides, for example, are locally systemic and enter the plant at the point of deposition. Several triazole fungicides have several days of therapeutic action against wheat leaf rust and also inhibit the development of viable spores (spores that can grow).

The majority of protectant fungicides are relatively stable on their own. They are generally insoluble in water and resist removal or chemical alteration by water, but they must be toxic to fungus.

Pesticides are any chemical or mixture intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant as well as any substance or mixture meant for preventing, getting rid of, repelling, or controlling pests. Agricultural pests include insects, weeds, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, rodents, and mollusks. The term pesticide, which refers to these pests and cide, which meaning “to kill.” Insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, weed killers, molluscicides, rodenticides, nematicides, and other types of pesticides can be classed as pesticides. Every manufacturer of pesticides as well as companies with CIB & RC registration must provide all scientific data on bio-ecacy, toxicity, residues, and safe waiting periods that has been obtained via laboratory research.

Botanicals

Botanicals play a significant role in the development of a disease management approach that is both ecologically sound and acceptable to the environment. Plant products have been found to have fungicidal, bactericidal, and antiviral properties. It is known that 346 plant species have fungicidal, 92 have bactericidal, and 90 have antiviral properties. This proves conclusively that the plant kingdom is home to a sizable stockpile of chemicals that can control a range of plant diseases. Because many of them employ many modes of action and plant compounds are safer for species other than the targeted, there is also less chance of resistance developing.Plants and plant products known as botanicals are safer for protecting plants against pathogens.

Antiviral Factor (AVF)

When an incompatible virus enters the host, resistance to viral diseases is seen. A number of substances, including polyacrylic acid, aspirin, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, and other growth regulators, including Indole acetic acid (IAA), 2, 4-D, Benzyl amino-in (3P), and ethylene, cause resistance to viral diseases. For each of these situations, certain plant compounds have also been identified to cause the development of novel proteins in plant tissues. They are referred to as “antiviral factors.” Healthy plants lack these antiviral components. They are only created once the host has been infected by the virus. These post-infectional substances resemble “phytoalexins.”

Introduction

• Nematicides are chemically synthesized products that kill or adversely affect nematodes.

• These products can have a nematicidal or nemastatic effect on nematodes.

• Nematicidal compounds are highly toxic and kill exposed nematodes.

• Nemastatic compounds do not kill nematodes but interfere with the migration of nematodes towards the roots of the host plant or delay nematode hatching.

• Many nematicides are broad spectrum, volatile, soil fumigant.

• They are not only active against nematodes, but also insects, fungi, bacteria, weed seeds and almost everything else that lives on the ground.

Introduction

The compounds produced one kind of microbe that are poisonous to another type of microbes are known as antibiotics. Actinomycetous bacteria and certain fungi are the primary producers of antibiotics. Antibiotics have highly complicated chemical makeups and formulations, which are frequently unknown. To combat plant diseases, however, antibiotics were first introduced in 1950. Typically, plants absorb and then move systemically internal antibiotics used for managing plant diseases. Usually, they operate on the host or the pathogen directly or after going through transformation to control plant diseases. In addition to acting as eradicators, they also serve as protectors and offer resistance to the invasion of viruses, and their impact lasts for a while.

What is Fungicide?

The term fungicide is derived from two Latin words, fungus and caedo. The word ‘caedo’ literally means ‘to kill.’ As a result, a fungicide is any agent or chemical that has the power to kill the fungus. Physical agents such as ultraviolet light and heat should also be called fungicides, according to this definition. However, in ordinary use, the term exclusively refers to chemicals. As a result, fungicide is a chemical that can kill fungi.

What is Fungistat?

Certain chemicals do not kill fungal infections. However, they only temporarily stop the fungus’s growth. Fungistat refers to these compounds, while fungistatis refers to the phenomena of temporarily inhibiting fungal growth.

What is Antisporulent?

Pesticide Authorities

Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee

In India, the central pesticide board and registration committee oversee the import, production, sale, transportation, distribution, and use of insecticides. Pesticides in India are regulated by the following two government organisations Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee CIBRC and Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI ).

Central Insecticide Board (CIB)

• The Central Insecticides Board advises the central and state governments on technical issues arising from the administration of this act, as well as carrying out the other tasks given to it by or under this act.

What are Pesticides?

Pesticides are essential tools for controlling harmful and invasive pests in agriculture, forestry, and the landscape. Pesticides are any substances used to prevent, eliminate, repel, attract, or diminish pest organisms. Pesticides that are well-known include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides. Growth regulators, plant defoliants, surface disinfectants, and several swimming pool chemicals are among the others. Insecticides include pesticides (effective against insects), herbicides (effective against certain plants), rodenticides (effective against rats), bactericides (effective against bacteria), fungicides (effective against fungi) and larvicides (effective against larvae).

Fungicides have been used to manage plant diseases since ancient times. The use of sulphur as a purifying agent is documented in the Old Testament, Homeric poems published about the eighth century B.C., Vedic literature (1500-500 B.C.), Buddhist literature, Surpala’s Vrksayurveda (800 A.D.), and other texts. Chemicals’ importance as fungicides was recognised only when fungus were clearly identified as a cause of plant diseases.

Over the previous two centuries, a wealth of information on fungicides has collected, owing primarily to advances in fungicidal chemical expertise. Aside from chemical control, other alternative approaches of disease control have earned appropriate respect throughout this period. However, in today’s modern agricultural system, fungicides play an important role in disease management and are useful in increasing crop output by reducing the attack of hazardous plant pathogens.

Introduction

Fungicides continue to be crucial instruments to protect yield and quality since plant diseases can result in considerable crop losses both before and after harvest. In the fight against plant pathogen-caused crop diseases, chemicals are crucial. Chemicals occur in a variety of forms, such as those that kill bacteria, fungus, and nematodes (bactericides, fungicides, and nematicides). These substances need to be handled carefully while battling plant diseases. Significant pre- and post-harvest crop losses can be brought on by fungal infections during transportation and storage. After host resistance, fungicides are regarded as the second line of defence in the struggle against plant diseases.

The term “Hepatology” is derived from the Greek words “hepatikos” and “logia” meaning liver and study respectively. It is the branch of medicine dealing with the study of structure, function, diseases and abnormalities of the liver, gall bladder, and biliary tree. Liver/hepatic diseases in companion pets vary from multifactorial hepatitis (acute and chronic), cirrhosis, portosystemic shunt, copper storage disease, hepatic lipidosis, and hepatic neoplasm to fulminant hepatic failure. The etiology of liver diseases also varies from infection, auto-immune, metabolic to genetic factors. The hepatic disorders are quite common in canines and felines. Moreover, the diagnosis of liver malfunctioning is loosely given in pet practice without any supportive evidence.

Eye is a very sensitive, delicate and unique organ. Its function may be affected with wide range of etiologies ranging from trauma, local and systemic infections, metabolic diseases to vision defects warranting an early and accurate diagnosis employing complete history, detailed ocular examination and or specialized diagnostic techniques such as Schirmer Tear Test (STT), Fluorescence Test, Ophthalmoscopy, Tonometry, Pachymetry, Retinoscopy and Gonioscopy etc.

Instruments for Ophthalmic Examination

•             Finn off Transilluminator

 •            Pen torch

 •            Direct Ophthalmoscope

 •            Indirect fundoscopic lens (2.2 diopter lens)

 •            Schirmer tear test strips

 •            Fluorescein strips

 •            Tonometer

Clinical diagnostic techniques in neurology are generally employed to confirm the existence of neurological disorder and also to localize the lesion.

Equipment/Instruments for Neurological Examination

 •            Reflex hammer.

 •            Cotton tip applicator.

 •            Pen torch light or transilluminator.

 •            Cotton balls.

 •            Haemostats.

 •            Lens.

Anesthesia/ Sedative

• Generally no anesthetic/ sedative is needed for neurological examination.

Place of Neurological Examination

Nephrology

Nephritis and renal calculi are the two major problems leading to renal failure in canine and feline nephrology. Chronic renal failure may occur at any age but it is more common in geriatric dogs. Congenital renal diseases may also lead to renal failure at any age. Chronic renal disease or chronic renal failure is a progressive deteriorating condition as compensatory mechanism (glomerular hypertension and hyper filtration) further deteriorate the condition. Hence chronic renal disease remains lifelong. For quality life, an early diagnosis of renal failure is very important. The following techniques are used to diagnose chronic renal failure.

Diseases of gastro-intestinal tract are very common in dogs and cats. Gastro intestinal tract starts from mouth to anus. The first step in making diagnosis of gastro-intestinal disease is to localize the problem. Whether it is buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, or intestines. Cursory history for seemingly simple complaint like vomiting, anorexia or loose feces may be unrewarding because gastrointestinal diseases may be primary (concerning with only gastro intestinal tract and its functions) or secondary (due to underlying disease/ disorder of organs other than gastro-intestinal tract). Therefore, for ascertaining the cause of gastrointestinal signs (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, regurgitation, constipation, loose feces, bloody feces), a thorough examination of all body systems is more logical. As with other body systems, a comprehensive systematic approach is needed for diagnosing diseases of gastro-intestinal tract also.

Otology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the ear and its diseases. Ear diseases in canines have multiple etiology varying from allergies (food or environmental), ectoparasites, infections (bacteria, malassazia, fungus), endocrine disorders, immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases), foreign material, neoplasms to keratinization disorders. For rational management, correct diagnosis is a pre-requisite. Diagnostic techniques in otology include history, clinical examination including ear canal palpation and visual inspection of ears, imaging (otoscopy, radiography, CT scan, MRI, and ultrasonography) and cytological evaluation of otic contents/ discharge.