eChapters

Manychemicalreactions innature,particularlyinlivingsystems,occur inaqueous solutions. Reactions are often carried out in the laboratory in aqueoussolution becausethese aregenerallymore rapid in solutionthanwhen puresolid reactions are mixed. Analysisof substancesmaybe qualitative or quantitative in nature. A quantitative analysisis one inwhich the amountor concentrationof a particular species in a sample is determined accurately and precisely.

1.1 Volumetric Analysis

Volumetric analysis is a quantitative analysis. It involves the measurement of the volume of a known solution required to bring about the completion of the reaction witha measuredvolume of the unknown solution.

The reaction used in volumetric analysis must fulfil the followingconditions;

Garden is like drawing room of the house. A well maintained drawing room always impresses visitors at first look and also gives idea about choice and taste of the house owner. Similarly, well maintained gardens at the house, office, institute etc. provide a good reflection of the owner’s inclination towards nature. Maintenance of gardens round the year and to keep them in presentable form needs proper planning. Knowledge on regular garden operations taken up in different seasons is also important.

Operations required to be undertaken for better maintenance is given below as quarterly calendar which will be helpful to formulate plan of action in advance.

Floral decoration in India has got a historical background spreading over different eras. Admiration of natural beauty, plants and flowers were part of civilization process. Many evidences are there in the paintings, carvings on wall of caves, temples, mosque besides literatural references that flowers were in use in many forms since time immemorial. Every religion, culture, rulers and regimes had great influence on the use of flowers.

At present, flowers are integral part of our daily life. We use flowers in various ways and for many purposes. Loose flowers are used for worship while garlands for decoration purpose during social, institutional, official functions etc. In addition, cutflowers in the form of bouquets are very common in use. Arrangement of flowers in the vase, bowl or any other container is displayed extensively for interior decoration. At present, placing flower vase is very popular in houses, corporate offices, institutes, hotels etc. and is a well established practice.

This is a very special type of garden for the visually impaired and disabled persons. The pleasure of seeing beauty of the nature like meadows, sky, sea, mountain and plants has always fascinated mankind who has vision. Unfortunately, people who are not able to see are entirely deprived of the pleasure associated with seeing such visual objects. Their world is entirely different from the others. However, they have got better sense of touch, smell and hearing ability to compensate loss of vision.

Disabled persons are also not in a position to enjoy fully the beauty of nature and plants due to restricted mobility. In addition, most of the ornamental gardens are not fully accessable by disabled persons particularly on wheel chairs.

The ‘Touch-‘N‘-Smell Garden’ is very rare and unique kind of garden meant for the visually impaired and disabled persons enabling them to learn about the diversity of plant species by touch and smell. In India, there are three such gardens. One in the Botanic Garden, CSIR- National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow and the others are at M.S. Swaminathan Foundation, Chennai and Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi. Similar such sensory gardens of the world are in Berlin (Germany), Kyoto (Japan), New York (U.S.A.), Nanjing (China) and Warsaw (Poland).

In urban areas, there are spaces along the roads which can be beautified by planting various groups of plants by proper planning. In addition to that, there are large traffic islands in metropolitan cites which are ideal for developing gardens. Even narrow central verge of the two way roads provide ample scope for plantation. These kinds of plantations sometimes in the form of gardens are very useful and fulfill dual purposes - beautification and amelioration of environment.

Roadside Gardens

Scope - Vacant areas along both sides of the metal roads in semi-urban and urban places are ideal for plantation. Depending upon the space available, trees and shrubs can be planted in various ways.

Any kind of garden established on roof top of the building is known as ‘Roof Garden’. The concept of roof gardening is not new. There are references that in ancient Mesopotamia (600 BC) plants were grown on terraces. During Roman period also ‘Villa of the Mysteries’ in Pompeii had plants on elevated terraces. However, in 21^st century, scarcity of land has driven us again towards development roof gardens.

With the advancement of time, necessity and utility, the concept of roof gardening has also completely changed. In urban environment, development of ornamental roof garden or green roof top is a necessity as it helps in temperature reduction, minimizing environmental pollution and, above all, a source of unlimited enjoyment with greens and flowers. Therefore, building architects are now include roof gardens while planning new building. The environmental issues and aesthetic benefits of the cities by way of developing roof gardens are the prime consideration.

Gardens around the religious places / structures such as temple, mosque, shrine etc. have been developed since very old times. In fact gardening practice actually started with the temple gardens for growing flowers for worship purpose. The main purpose of these gardens is to create scenic beauty and a pleasant atmosphere where one can relax, mediate and spent some time in tranquility besides making prayer and worship.

Design

The garden around such structures depends on its type, requirement and number of visitors of that place. In case, large number of visitors visiting the place daily, garden areas need to be fenced with grill or hedge so that no damage is done to the garden, particularly walking through lawn, flower beds, plucking of flowers, leaves etc. Architectural beauty and position of the structure (temple, mosque, shrine), availability of space (area and allocation - front, side, back) should be taken into account while preparing design. In case of big areas with boundary, trees may be planted along the boundary wall. Remaining area is to be divided into blocks for accommodating other features like shrubbery border, flower beds, water bodies, fountain etc. as per availability of space and suitability. Gradation for making change of elevation by way of earth work or construction of retaining walls must be well planned and completed at the initial stage of garden construction. Other facilities for the public like seats, shelters, public conveniences are also to be taken into account.

This is a special kind of garden made with help of vertical structures and plants are grown / trained in special manner. Besides, roofs can also be converted into green roof. Restricted availability of ground space, modification of residential places and quest for growing plants have given birth of vertical gardening. Practically, this type of gardening has widened the scope of growing plants. Small spaces can also be converted into a lively place with proper design. Even bare walls can be converted into an attractive green wall with proper structure and designing with plants.

Advantages

Vertical gardening is ideal for urban areas especially for people living in the apartments. Following advantages have been recorded.

Airports are important place and points for mass transportation. Lot of public movement, especially higher class, takes place on way to their journey to different destinations. Usually all airports have good architectural structure and utilitarian facilities. As a general practice, good gardens are also maintained around the airport and approach roads besides interior plantscape.

Purpose

The main purpose of developing gardens around airport is to create scenic beauty by using different kinds of ornamentals besides attractive features. In addition, plantation around the airport premises helps in temperature reduction, minimizes dust load, and above all, provides a soothing atmosphere.

Categorization of Areas

Airports are generally laid out in huge areas having many entry and exit points. There are several main roads, connecting roads, parking lots, bus stop, metro rail station etc. Additionally, airports usually have huge indoor areas under cover. Therefore, a broad categorization of the areas is needed for proper planning of landscape and interior plantscaping, as follows.

Parks occupy a unique position in our social life and a common facility to the community for pleasure and utility. The importance of park in urban areas is much more than other areas as these are the only outing places for urban people. Designing park needs careful consideration regarding features, plants and facilities for utility purpose. Roads for public movement, sitting arrangements, flowering and shady trees, flower beds, children’s corner are some of the basic requirements. Free flowering ornamentals requiring less maintenance should be included in the design.

Purpose

Parks are very purposeful in our daily life especially in urban areas. At present provision of parks in a city is must as these provide an open space and an opportunity for outing. Relaxation of body and mind after stressful working or even daily routine work is a must. Parks are the ideal places for such activities, especially very useful for children and elderly people.

Classification

Parks are generally classified according to its type and fulfillment of purposes. Sometimes, a particular theme or type of plantation is followed. Parks are finally categoriesed and named accordingly. Various common classifications are as follows.

Institutes like schools, colleges, universities, R&D laboratories besides hospitals, offices, hotels, banks, courts etc. come under this group. It is recommended that these institutions should develop ornamental gardens and greeneries in order to create ambience and producing aesthetic effects. Lawn, flower beds, creepers, shrubbery borders, trees should be planted as a part of beautification programme.

Purpose

Garden attached to these institutions serves various purposes. The main purpose is aesthetic improvement of these campuses by way of planting various ornamental plants in a planned manner which provides scope for relaxation. Educational institutions may develop small gardens for botanical collection which are related with the course curriculum so that these collections complement educational courses. In that case, representative collections of different families are to be planted as per requirement of the course.

Factories are the backbone of industrial growth for economic prosperity of any nation especially for developing countries like India. There is usually huge area available in the factories but the whole area is not covered under construction or used. The vacant spaces of the factory premises are ideal for development of gardens. Moreover, plantation of trees and development of greeneries are now compulsory in industrial areas as per laws for the purpose of environmental amelioration.

Purpose

Gardens at the factories and other industrial places are different from the normal ornamental gardens. These gardens are generally less intensive in nature. The main function isto fulfill dual purpose i.e., beautification and minimizing environmental pollution. Selection of plants should be evergreen trees, free flowering perennials tolerant to air pollution.

Scope

There are large open spaces available within the campus of factories. These are generally located along the boundary wall, inner open areas and other unutilized spaces. As a whole, there is ample scope for development of gardens and other kind of plantation.

Every garden has got specific purpose and utility. Specialized gardens are planned gardens according to various locations and fulfilling specific needs. Therefore, these should be designed envisaging primary requirements depending upon the types. Features of these are specific including plants and planting pattern. So, these gardens need to be dealt separately so that planning and execution is done in more systematic way focusing utilitarian and ornamental purposes.

Home Garden

Basically it is a piece of land attached to the home, beautified with different features, ornamental and flowering plants. The main purpose of this type of garden is beautification round the year and utility for relaxation of the family. Accordingly, design and features should be selected to fulfill the same.

Rock gardens and pool are two most attractive features of the garden. These together can transform any part of the garden into a pleasing spot. Both are quite different from other common features and increase beauty of the gardens in manifold.

Rock Garden

The term rock garden refers beautification of a portion of the garden in combination with rocks and plants. Rock garden provides height and a rugged grandeur. A flat area can be converted into an elevated and graded one in combination with rocks and plants. This breaks monotony of the plain land and creates a feature of interest. The plants grow in the rock garden are different from others and add variety to the existing groups.

Cycads refer a group of plants belonging to the families Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae and Zamiaceae as per recent classification. They belong to a specialized group of plants having ancient linkage. These are the most primitive of living gymnosperms and most ancient of all plants surviving today. Present day Cycads are mere remnants of numerous massive sorts that flourished during the end of Triassic era and belong to the Jurassic period.

Cycads include 11 genera and nearly 300 species distributed in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Substantial number of species is found in South Africa, Australia, South America, Central America, Caribbean Islands and Asia. There are natural hybrids also as reported from South Africa and Australia. Horticultural Importance

Cycads are curious and interesting both botanically and horticulturally all over the world. Their evergreen plam-like appearance with arching leaves from the crown looks graceful and ornamental. They are often mistaken with palm and tree ferns due to their structural similiraity. The distinctive forms emerged out of non-conventional stems and evergreen foliage is the main attraction. Primitive shapes of the Cycads are appealing to the landscapers. They are extensively used as a pot plant for indoor decoration and outdoor gardening. As Bonsai, Cycads exhibit a new style and formation. In horticultural trade, Cycads are in great demand and having high commercial value. Nowadays, a grown up specimen in large sized pot, may fetch several thousand rupees as price, which is very high in comparison to the other indoor plants. This is because of rarity, slow growing nature and graceful appearance of the cycads. Even the cut-leaves are in huge demand for various floral arrangements and decoration purpose. Therefore, Cycads are horticulturally very important and an essential component of present day landscaping. Selection of Plants

Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis) belongs to the family Compositae and is a native of Mexico. Modern garden Dahlias with large blooms in wide array of colours are important flowering plant for Indian gardens. The range of forms, size and colours of the flowers is simply amazing. In the plains of India, Dahlias produce flower during winter season and usually grown as potted plants for display purpose. At suitable sunny locations, they are planted in beds also.

Classification

There is enormous variation in shape, size and flower colour of Dahlia. In addition, hundreds of cultivars are available for use in the garden. For having information on various groups having different flower structure, size etc., it is important to know classification. Garden Dahlias have been classified in the following major categories (based on the National Dahlia Society, United Kingdom).

Anemone - Flowers double having one or more rows of petals; disc florets tubular; ideal as cut flower for floral arrangement.

Ball - Flower head in ball-shape, fully double; petal tips ovate or round and rolled half length. There are large variation in the size of flower head and categorization.

Bonsai is the art and science of dwarfing plants and growing them in shallow containers. The word ‘Bonsai’ is a Japanese term consisting of two words, ‘Bon‘- a shallow container and ‘sai’ - to plant. Therefore, bonsai is a technique of growing plants (trees, shrubs and others) in shallow containers in dwarf form. With the help of pruning, pinching and training a three dimensional effect is produced. It is a kind of living sculpture and idealized nature in miniature. An ideal bonsai is replica of a particular plant or an artistic variation in shape whose different parts are in complete harmony. Development of bonsai requires an artistic eye, skills on training, pruning and knowledge on growing plants in containers.

This technique was developed by the Chinese over 2000 years ago and later excelled by the Japanese. Bonsai is now popular all over the world and very useful for the people who are living in flats and have no scope to have outdoor gardens. Every house owner likes to have few specimen plants for interior decoration. Bonsai provides them an additional opportunity to grow more number of plants being dwarf in nature. Considering its present popularity, Bonsai is now important horticulturally for its commercial and aesthetic value.

Cacti and succulents are two important groups of ornamentals both for indoor plantscape and outdoor gardening. Unlike other ornamental plants, these have not been fully exploited for landscaping purpose. Careful selection and proper maintenance are the key factors for successful culture of cacti and succulents. There is lot of variation in growth habit, flowering and hardiness which make them enable for outdoor landscape as well as pot plant.

Being little uncommon in shape, size, growth habit in comparison to other ornamentals, cacti and succulents are good addition to create curiosity in the gardens. Every kind of garden has got some spots difficult to develop properly by other common ornamental plants. Selected cacti and succulents in combination with stones / boulders can make such corners presentable and attractive. Moreover, flowers of cacti and succulents are very colourful and attractive deserving to find place in all types of garden. Foliage of some of the succulents like Agave, Kalanchoe, Dudleya, Furcraea, Sanseveria are remarkable and added attraction in potted form for interior decoration. Landscape designers and horticulturists should make use of these potential groups in extensive way.