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Occasionally anglers catch fish that show signs of infection or parasitism. Is the fish safe to eat? The usual and safest response to this question is, “When in doubt - don’t.” However, very few fish diseases can be transferred to humans. Almost all fish are safe to eat when thoroughly cooked, smoked or frozen.

Fishes are a valuable resources for hill streams and temperate region people. Not only do they provide important recreation, but they are also a valuable supplement to the family food budget. The anticipation of any fisherman, whether he be a young boy with a cane pole and a can of worms or an “old pro,” is a quality fish for the table. It is the unwritten law of any true sportsman to utilize the fish he catches. The purpose of this publication is to help you, the angler, determine if the fish you’ve caught is worthy of your skillet. Remember, a sick fish will not take the hook (Taraschewski, 2000).

19.1 Introduction
Mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori, is affected by a number of diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. These illnesses are recognized to occur in practically every region where silkworms are raised in the world seriously harming the harvest of silkworm cocoons. Several actions have been proposed as a means of preventing and managing the illnesses, but none of them had shown signs of foolproof with the outcome that one must consistently be cautious to eradicate the core infection’s source in addition to avoiding crossinfection. Additionally, care has to be taken in order to ensure that they are not exposed to stressful circumstances such as low temperature and inadequate nourishment, poor ventilation, and humidity which could lead them easily susceptible to various diseases.
19.2 Diseases of Mulberry Silkworm and Their Control
19.2.1 Protozoan Diseases
The protozoa that harm silkworms are the parasitic ones from the genera Nosema, Pleistophora, and Thelohania and class Microsporidia. In addition to this, reports of Leptomonas and Trypanosoma infections in the silkworm
Bombyx mori L. have been made. However, the pebrine disease is the main protozoan illness of the silkworm. It is also known as ‘pepper disease’ because of the development of areas of black pepper after infection.

Definition

Plant disease in which no pathogens or parasitic is associated with the cause is known as Non-parasitic disease. They are also called as noninfectious or physiological disorders.

General Characteristics

Occurs in the absence of pathogen and therefore, cannot be cultured or transmitted.

Caused by the lack or excess of something that supports life from diseased to healthy plants.

Effect plant in all stages of their lives, such as seeds, seedlings, mature plants or fruits.

Symptoms may range from slight to severe & affected plants may even die.

These disease cause damage in field, in storage or at the market.

DISEASES OF RABBITS

The Disease Occurrence in rabbit colony is minimal if good sanitation and hygiene measures are followed.

Diseases are caused by Bacteria, Viral, Parasitic and managemental.

Bacterial Disease

Pasteurellosis → similar to Haemorrahgic septicaemia

Organism → Pasterurella multocida

Affects respiratory system with difficulty in breathing. Temperature 103 ° F Occulonasal discharge observed.

Lab → Blood smear shows bipolar organisms by Giemsa stain.

Treatment → Sulpha drugs, long acting tetracyclines.

General evidence of deficiency include either nutrient deficiency in diet or abnormal absorption, utilization or requirement of nutrient under consideration.
Special evidence may be obtained by chemical or biochemical examination of diet.

Human life on the earth has been intertwined with the fabric of crops and livestock for its sustenance, since time immemorial, for food and protection against the vagaries of nature. When agricultural and livestock production systems began to change in the 1950s, from traditional extensive systems to semi-intensive and intensive production systems, diseases of rural farm enterprises became challenging. Especially, the emerging diseases in livestock continued to demand more and more investments for ensuring food safety and security. Despite significant progress made in the recent past in reducing the prevalence of animal diseases, there is still an increasing concern over the losses associated with diseases of economic importance that result in production inefficiency. The scientific foundation for the discipline of animal health economics was laid by Morris (1969) and further steps were taken by Ellis (1972) to economically evaluate the Swine Fever eradication programme in Great Britain using cost-benefit analysis, Martin Hugh-Jones (1975) to specialize in GIS to model diseases and assessed the economic impact on production by infectious diseases, James and Ellis (1978) to use the same tool for FMD control programme, Renkema and Stelwagen (1979) to evaluate the replacement rates in dairy herds, Renkema (1980) to analyze the economic aspects of diseases in animals, Ellis and Putt (1981) to suggest the epidemiological and economic implications of FMD vaccination programme in Kenya, and McInerney (1983) to analyze the economics of animal diseases in dairy cattle, the multidisciplinary field of animal health economics was not amply exploited especially in developing countries to assess the extent of livestock disease losses (Ngategize and Kaneene, 1985).

4a. Intestinal Disorders
 
History of health claims
 
According to Bottazzi (1983) it was in 76 BC that the Roman historian Plinius recommended the use of fermented milk for treating gastroenteritis. Metchnikoff claimed that the intake of fermented milk containing Lactobacilli reduces the toxin producing bacteria, thereby increasing the longetivity of the host (Metchnikoff, 1908). Tissier (1905) showed that there was an increase in the Bifidobacteria in breast fed-infants, thus claiming that the administration of Bifidobacteria to infants suffering from diarrhea was very beneficial as they supersede the putrefactive bacteria that causes the disease. Intestinal beneficial microfloras are responsible to resist the disease (Bohnhoff et al., 1954).

1. Damping-off
Pathogen
Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson.) Fitz.
P. debaryanum                  
Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.
Fusarium spp.
Sclerotium spp.
Symptoms
Damping-off of onion seedlings occurs in two stages:
    (i)    Pre emergence
(ii)    Post emergence
In pre emergence stage, plumules are killed before they reach the soil surface. They may be infected, killed even before the hypocotyls have broken the seed coat.

Introduction

Amaranthus species were grown as the principle grain crop by the Aztecs 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, prior to the disruption ofthe South American civilization by the Spanish Conquistadors. Synonyms such as “mystical grains of the Aztecs,” “super grain of the Aztecs,” and the “golden grain of the Gods” were used to describe the nutritious amaranth grain. Vegetable Amaranthus spp. were and are presently utilized for food from such diverse geographic areas as southwestern United States, China, India, Africa, Nepal, South Pacific Islands, Caribbean, Greece, Italy, and Russia (Stallknecht et. al., 1993). Amaranthus grain is extremely nutritional pseudo-cereal with a higher amount of proteins when compared to true cereals. It is a reasonably well balanced food with functional properties that have been shown to provide medicinal benefits. Amaranth associate underutilized crop and an inexpensive supply of proteins, minerals, vitamin A and C, appears to be a future crop which may substantiate this demand because of its tremendous yield potential and biological process qualities, conjointly recently gained worldwide attention (Topwal, 2019). Amaranth as a unique plant with a long and mysterious history is the obj ect for science and also for business. Its characteristics such as absence of gluten and special composition of oil lead this plant to the position of very important plant for the future. The Advantages of Amaranth for Food Industry: Gluten-free, High-quality protein, Non Food-allergy, Thickening property of amaranth starch. The Advantages of Amaranth oil for Cosmetic Industry: Squalene content has a preserve function for skin and hair against sun and radiation, Available for very sensitive skin, Non- Allergy amaranth oil on skin. Amaranth has a big advantage, because it could be use by two ways-biomass for the bio fuel production and grain for food production (Matusova, 2008). As dyes, the flowers of the ‘Hopi Red Dye’ amaranth were used by the Hopi (a tribe in the western

Economic Importance

Apple (Malus domestica, M. communis, M. pumila and M. sylvestris), the generic name Malus is derived from the Latin word belong to the rose family and include literally hundreds of cultivated varieties. In the apple, the original ancestral species is obscured by so many cultivated variations throughout the centuries that some authors lump them all into one species, Malus domestica. They all originated in western Asia (or Eurasia) and are characterized by fleshy fruits called pomes. In the pome a thick, fleshy hypanthium layer (also called the floral cup or calyx tube) surrounds (and is fused with) the seed bearing ovary or core. The edible part of most fruits is the actual ovary, but in apples and pears only the outer hypanthium layer is eaten (unless you enjoy eating the core). Apple is commercially the most important temperate fruit and is fourth among the most widely produced fruits in the world after banana, orange and grape. China is the largest apple producing country in the world. It is premier table fruit of the world and excels other fruits in having prolonged keeping quality and wide variety of flavour and taste (Sharma, 2000). Apple is a highly remunerative crop and is grown in all temperate regions of the world. In India apple is grown in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and some parts of Arunachal Pradesh. Jammu and Kashmir account for sixty per cent apple in total apple produced in India and is the most important fruit among all the cultivated fruits in the state. The state annually produces 1.31 lakh metric tons apple fruit from an area of 1.28 lakh hectares (Anonymous, 2008). It forms the backbone of the state’s economy and is main cash crop for the small and marginal farmers. However, the production and quality of apple is poor as compared to that of the developed countries because of several factors including diseases and insect-pests (Thakur, 2000). Although a large number of insect pests attacks to apple crops but some of them are very serious and need attention for their control. Besides the insect pests, mites are also associated with apple production and cause significance economic losses to commercial fruit growers (Kerik, 2012).

Introduction

The apple (Malus domestica), a valuable and economically significant crop, is grown in India’s northwestern Himalayan region. After Orange, Banana, and Grape, it is the fourth most widely grown fruit worldwide. The tree is native to Central Asia, where its wild ancestor Malus sieversii is still found today. Apples have been cultivated in Asia and Europe for thousands of years. The world’s largest apple grower is China and in India it is grown in the hills of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir in India. The average summer temperature during the active period is about 21-24°C growing season. Apple does this best in areas where trees are dormant. The color development will be better in winter when plenty of sunlight hits. It is possible even at an altitude of 1500 -2700 meters from sea level. 1000-1250 mm well distributed rainfall during the growing season which is most suitable for optimal growth and fertility of apple trees.

Scab

Ventruia inaequalis (Spilocaea pomi Fr?)

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Symptoms generally noticed on leaves and fruits.

Arterial diseases are important because of their serious effect on vital organs like brain, heart and kidney. Thrombosis is the most common complication of arterial diseases but hemorrhage and aneurysm formation may occur.

Avocado fruit has become one of the most sought after food sources worldwide. It is a nutritious source of food and is part of the staple diet of many people in third world countries where it is cultivated and where it is native. Production costs are very high owing to the cultural requirements of the avocado tree and the presence of diseases, which can be major limiting factors to production. Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, is such a disease. During the developmental stages of hefruit in the orchard and at harvesting, the fruit is also exposed to diseases such as scab (Sphacelomapersea), anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and Cercospora spot (Pseudocercospora purpurea) Marias (2006).

Major Fungal Diseases of Avocado

Phytophthora root rot

Economic Importance

The causal fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands was first isolated from cinnamon trees in Sumatra in 1922 and has since been reported from over 70 countries. It has an extremely wide host range including 1000 varieties and species of plants. In California alone it has been estimated to affect between 60-75% of the orchards and causes a loss in excess of $40 million annually (Coffey 1992).

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. is one of the sacred trees of Hindus and is highly popular for its medicinal properties. This tree is commonly known as “Bael” in India and the leaves are used for worshipping Lord Shiva. It has the potential for curing a number of ailments and has been in use since time immemorial. At present bael has become an important source of medicine for curing various human diseases such asdiabetes, liver toxicity, fungal infection, microbial infection, inflammation, pyrexia and to relieve pain. The raw fruits are used to prepare sugar impregnated sweets called murraba and jelly where as juices and shakes are prepared after ripening.

Bael is native to India and found throughout Southeast Asia. In India this fruit is grown in Indo-Gangetic plains and Sub-Himalayan tracts up to a height of 500 m, in North-East India and dry and deciduous forest of central and southern India.

Aegle marmelos is a subtropical plant and grows up to an altitude of 1,200 m altitude from sea level. It grows well in the dry forests on hilly and plain areas. Aegle marmelos is a widely distributed plant and found in India, Ceylon, China, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Tibet, Sri Lanka, Java, Philippines and Fiji. In India it found in Sub-Himalayan tracts from Jhelum eastwards to West Bengal, in central & south India. It found almost in all the states of India.

Bael is a hardy crop and is quite resistant to diseases. However, there are certain fungal and bacterial diseases that have been reported to cause yield reduction in bael. In this chapter, important diseases of beal with causal organism, disease cycle, epidemiology and management practices are described.

Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the most important fruit crops grown in tropical and subtropical regions in the world. The word ‘banana’ is a general term embracing a number of species or hybrids between Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana in the genus Musa and family Musaceae (Perrier et al., 2011). India is known to be one of the origins for bananas and it was grown even before the Vedic period (c.1500 - c.500 BCE). It is referred as “Kalpatharu” (Plant of virtues) due to its multifaceted uses (Mishra et al., 2012). It has been estimated that one medium-sized banana contains about 105 calories (Bjarnadottir, 2017). Raw bananas contain 75% water, 23% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and negligible amount of fat (USDA, 2018). However, carbohydrate, protein and moisture content of banana depend upon the variety, genotype and climatic conditions (Mohapatra et al., 2010). Banana fruits are rich source of antioxidants and vitamins such as vitamin A, B, C, E and P-carotene (Paul and Southgate, 1978; Kanazawa and Sakakibara, 2000; Waller,2005), minerals like potassium and calcium (Mohapatra et al., 2010) and contains a fair amount of fibre (Bjarnadottir, 2017).

Banana is the major staple food crop for millions of people in Central, East and West Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. In 2016, world production of bananas and plantains was 148 million tonnes, led by India and China with a combined total (only for bananas) of 28% of global production with the adoption of advanced technologies like drip irrigation, use of quality tissue culture plants, fertigation and integrated plant protection technologies lead the country to be number one in area and production. Other major producers were the Philippines, Ecuador, Indonesia, and Brazil, together accounting for 20 per cent of the world total of bananas and plantains. In India, banana ranks first in production followed by mango and third in area among fruit crops after mango and citrus. Banana production accounts about 30.4 M tonnes from an area of 0.86 M ha with an average productivity of 35.4 tonnes/ha (Anon, 2017). Banana crop is a year round food security crop and source of income to a large group of farmers and has tremendous potential as cash and export commodity for most banana growing countries. However diseases and pests constitute major limiting factor for increasing its production and productivity. Banana cultivation is almost evenly spread out across the world and there is a remarkable low genetic variation among plantations, owing to the popularity of a select few cultivars. This exposes monocultures to increasing damage caused by pests and diseases (Ghag et al., 2015).

Introduction

The banana (Musa parasidiaca) belongs to the Monocotyledons class, the Zingiberales order, and the Musaceae family. It is indigenous to Southeast Asia. They thrive in tropical and subtropical climates and are widely grown in countries such as India, China, the Philippines, Ecuador, Brazil, Uganda, Colombia, and Indonesia. A banana’s average length is 7 to 9 inches, and its diameter is 2 to 3 inches. Bananas are frequently planted during the rainy or monsoon season, when the soil is moist and the young plants can absorb enough water. In tropical and subtropical climates where they are commonly grown, the planting season typically runs from April to June. Planting may take place in September or October in areas with a dry season, following the rainy season.

Rusts

The following three rusts are known to occur on barley

1. Stem black rust: Puccinia graminis tritici f. sp. tritici
2. Leaf rust: Puccinia striiformis
3. Leaf rust: Puccinia hordei

Of these, the first two are described under wheat and the disease symptoms are identical. These two rusts occur commonly on barley and cause severe damage in certain years.