eChapters

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is the largest edible fruit in the world (Naik, 1949; Sturrock, 1977), known as “poor man’s food” belongs to the family Moraceae (Bose, 1985; Haque, 2010). It is an important tree crop in tropical and sub-tropical regions, usually grown in home gardens and commercially in orchards (Elevitch and Manner, 2006; Sangchote et al., 2003). The primary economic product is the fruit, but the tree is also used for timber, fodder, dyes and traditional medicines (Haque, 2006). Jackfruit originally native to Indian subcontinent, is now widely cultivated in the tropics of both hemispheres (Ochas et al., 1981). Incidence of different kinds of diseases of biotic and abiotic origin at different growth stages of Jackfruit have been reported (Haque, 2006; Sangchote et al., 2003). Some of the commonly occurring diseases of jackfruit with symptomatology, causal organism, perpetuation and management approaches have been elucidated below.

LeafSpot

Incidence of leaf spot at different growth stages of jackfruit caused by Chaetopyrena hesperidum (Srivastava, 1974), Cercospora mehra (Rao and Subhendar, 1979) Botryodiplodia theobromae (Rao and Deshmuk, 1986), Corynespora cassiicola (Sangchote et al., 2003), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Sirayoi, 1993; Srivastava and Mehra, 2004), Phyllosticta- artocarpi (Annon, 2003) has been reported by various workers from different parts of the world. Some of the common leaf spot diseases have been discussed below.

Cruciferous vegetables are important Kharif vegetable crops, which are grown both for table and seed purposes. This vegetable group constitutes crops like cauliflower, cabbage, radish, turnip and knol-khol. These crops are grown throughout the country and are attacked by number of diseases which not only reduce the quantity but also quality of the produce. Important diseases of Knol Khol are described below:

Major Fungal Diseases of Knol-Khol

Alternaria leaf spot

Economic Importance

It is of concern in north and central India where appreciable seed losses in terms of size, colour and germinability are reported

Vegetables
Peas
1. Rust
Pathogen
Uromyces fabae (Pers.) de Bary
Symptoms 
The fungus produces characteristics rust pustules on the host. Pustules are mostly found on the leaf blade, though often they may be found on the petiole and stem of pea plants. The sori are small, roundish, open, and powdery as well as brown coloured. In severe infections, the leaf may wither, resulting in considerable damage to the crop. As the plants near maturity, the fungus produces the telial stage on the host.

Wilt

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis

Economic Importance

• The disease is present in countries such as India, Jordan, Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, Russia, France, Hungary, Ukraine, Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, Canada, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay etc.
• It may cause 5-10% yield losses but sometimes severe damage may result complete crop failure under favorable conditions.

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Symptoms can occur at both the seedling and plant developmental stages and appear as patches in the field

• It usually occurs near or at the reproductive stages (flowering to podfilling) of crop growth

Wilt

Fusarium oxysporun lini

Economic Importance

• The wilt is very serious disease and occurs in almost all the countries where linseed is grown.
• Continuous cropping in the infected field makes the soil sick.
• Yield losses upto 80 percent has been reported due to this disease. However, in severe cases crop is destroyed completely.

Liver is the largest exocrine gland located in right side of the abdominal cavity
obliquely from lumbocostal angle downward and forward to intercostal space,
about 3-4” (10 cm) above the abdominal floor.

The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage system that returns water and proteins from various tissues back to the blood stream. The system consists of
a network of very fine vessels or tubes called lymphatics that drain lymph from all over the body, and lymphnodes. Lymphatics are found in every part of the
body except the central nervous system.

Lymphnodes are found in every part of the body except

a) Digestive system b) Respiratory system

c) Cardiovascular system d) Central nervous system

Magnesium is a vital mineral for animals, playing critical roles in enzyme activation, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and bone development. Disorders related to magnesium imbalance can lead to severe health issues, affecting productivity, reproduction, and overall well-being. This chapter explores diseases associated with magnesium disorders in animals, their causes, symptoms, and management strategies.
Importance of magnesium in animal health
Magnesium (Mg) is involved in several physiological processes:
Activation of over 300 enzymes, including those in energy metabolism,
Regulation of muscle and nerve function,
Maintenance of normal heart rhythm,
Bone structure and calcium-phosphorus metabolism,
Magnesium disorders primarily manifest as hypomagnesemia (deficiency) or hypermagnesemia (excess), with hypomagnesemia being more common and significant.

Southern Leaf Blight

Helminthosporium maydis (Syn: H. turcicum)

Economic Importance

• The first epidemics of the Southern corn leaf blight also known as Maydis leaf blight took place in the USA in 1970.
• A highly virulent strain called Race T appeared on maize hybrids with Texas male sterile cytoplasm.
• The disease development was related to the growing of maize with T-cytoplasm on large areas.
• Since 1990 the use of cultivars with T male sterile cytoplasm has been forbidden in selection.
• Presently, the cultivars with M and C types of sterility are used.

Common name, symptoms of damage and management of diseases of major spices and condiments

Okra/Ladies finger/Bhindi
1. Leaf blight/Spot
Pathogen
Cercospora abelmoschi Ell. & Ev.
Symptoms
The fungus grows as shooty to dark olivaceous, ectoparasite covering entire leaf lamina. Pathogen initiates as small isolated fungal growth on lower side of leaf but very soon it spreads on both sides. Pathogen reduces severely the photosynthesis area. Infected leaves fall down very quickly after dropping and rolling. It causes severe loss in seed production crop as well as in the late sown crops.

Introduction

The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is regarded as king of fruits. It is a key fruit crop in the subtropical regions of world including India. Prakash and Srivastava, 1987 reported that mango is attacked by more than 140 fungi (70 diseases), about 12 nematodes and a dozen of phanerogamic parasites and epiphytes. Among these diseases some major diseases of mango having economic important in India are briefly described in this chapter.

Anthracnose

Anthracnose is a severe disease of mango. High disease severity results to heavy loss including post-harvest losses during transit and marketing of produce. Mango anthracnose has been reported to spoil about 29 per cent of Alphanso fruits at Bangalore. Young plantations of Bombay green variety are completely wiped out in Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh as a result of severe wither tip Bose et al., 1973. At Lucknow, 24 per cent loss of fruits of Dashehari variety has been reported by Raoof and Prakash, 1984.

Mango (Mangifera indica) is a tropical fruit tree that is well-known and cherished for its delicious, sweet, and juicy fruit. It is one of the most widely grown and economically important fruit crops in the world, primarily cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Mangoes are not only enjoyed for their taste but also for their nutritional value, as they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

However, like all agricultural crops, mangoes are susceptible to a range of diseases that can impact their growth, yield, and fruit quality. These diseases can be caused by various pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes.

1. Powdery mildew (caused by Oidium mangiferae) is a fungal disease that affects mango trees, leading to significant losses in fruit production if left unmanaged.

Anthracnose

Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Glomerella cingulata)

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Disease produces symptoms like leaf spot, blossom blight, withertip, twig blight and fruit rot

• Symptoms on leaves show as gray to brown spots with dark margins and a yellow halo. The spots later enlarge and coaleasce to form sizable necrotic areas.

Botrytis Gray Mould

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Appearance of a gray, fuzzy mold on flowers, leaves or stems of or plants. Also called, “gray mold”.

MINT (Mentha sp)
Fungal diseases
1. Stolon Rot
Symptoms: Yellowing of leaves is observed at early stage of infection. In later stage wilting of plants are noticed followed by drying of the entire plants.
Causal organism: Macrophomina phaseoli
Management
i) Stolons should be collected from healthy fields.
ii) Use of healthy and disease free stolons for planting.
ii) Treatment of stolons with Metalaxyl 8% + Mancozeb 64% WP (0.3%)
before planting.
2. Rust
Symptoms. In the spring or summer season the leaves and upper portion of stems are affected and become twisted. Yellow/ dusty orange pustules appear on the leaves and stems. In later part the pustules become black. Drying of leaves followed by defoliation occur.