eChapters

FINGER MILLET (Eleusine coracana)
Fungal diseases
1) Blast
Symptoms: The above ground parts (leaf, leaf sheath, stems) of the plant exihibit the symptoms. The seedlings and adult plants are affected by the pathogen. Eye-shaped spots appear on leaf and leaf sheath having dark brown margin with ashy centre. These spots coalesce to form large patches and the leaves are blighted. Affected leaves wither prematurely and the seedlings may be killed. Lesions appear on the leaf blades, leaf sheaths and culms on adult plants and cause blightening.

Introduction

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a most important crop which is used as food for silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) belonging to the genus Morus and family Moraceae. In tropical and temperate countries, mulberry is cultivated as shrubs and tree respectively. The total area under cultivation of mulberry in India is around 2,82,244 ha. The largest mulberry producing state is Karnataka (1,66,000 ha) followed by Andra Pradesh (38,084 ha). All over the world there are almost 68 species of Morus genus among 1000 varieties were commercially cultivated (Central silk board, Mysore). The nutritive values of mulberry leaves are affected by many diseases like leaf spot, powdery mildew, rust, root rot and bacterial blight which are causing severe yield loss up to 10-30%. In addition it also affects the growth, development of silkworm and cocoon yield due to feeding ofthose diseased leaves. (Sastry, 1984; Sundareswaran et al. 1998). Occurrence of these diseases based on some factors such as season, temperature, humidity and variety of mulberry (Sukumar, 1996). This chapter will be discussed about the disease causing organism, epidemiology and their management practices.

Cercospora leaf spot

Economic Importance

Cercospora leaf spot is an economically important disease causing abundant damage by reducing the leaf quality of mulberry (Siddaramaiah and Krishnaprasad, 1978). During July-December it causes yield loss of 10-15% and the disease present till January-February.

Introduction

Mulberry is a very hardy and fast growing perennial plant belonging to the genus Morus of the family Moraceae. The leaf of mulberry is used for feeding and rearing of the silkworm, for the production of silk yarn. It is estimated that mulberry silk worm (Bombyx mori) contributes around 90 % of the total global raw silk production and it is a very attractive economic activities mostly to the rural people. In addition to the utilization of mulberry leaves as silkworm feed, it is being used for many other purposes due to its high nutritive value and delicious taste is getting importance as valuable food stuff as well as environmental importance of mulberry taking into account several aspects of its role as animal feed, foodstuff, phyto medicine and remediation of polluted soils and atmosphere etc.

The major functions of the musculoskeletal system to provide support to organs and help in physical activities including locomotion, prehension, and
mastication. The clinical manifestations of the diseases of muscles, bones and joints are much in common, and are generally characterized by lameness,
failure of support, in coordination of movement and deformity.

1 The clinical manifestations of disease of muscle, bones and joints are generally characterised by

a) Lameness b) Failure of support to stand

c) Incoordination of movement d) All of the above

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Intially chlorotic (yellowed) lesions and sometimes galls appeared on the upper leaf surface.

• There are corresponding white blister-like dispersal pustules of sporangia on the underside of the leaf.

The diseases that occur during the first one month of life are termed as diseases of neonates. During this period, the animal requires special attention to reduce
mortality rate. The clinical examinations that are applied to adult animals are being used for the examination of newborns.

1 Delayed post natal diseases occurs within _______ days after birth

a) 10 days b) 2-7 days

c) 2 days d) 15-30 days

The role of nervous system in animal is the maintance of bodies, speical relation with the immediate environment. Such functions are acomplished by several
sections of the nervous systsm. The sensory motor system is responsible for maintaing normal posture and gait.

1 Inflammation of meninges and spinal cord along with brain is called

a) Encephalomyelitis b) Encephalitis

c) Meningitis d) Meningoencephalitis

Ozonium Wilt

Ozonium texanum var. parasiticum Thirum / Guizotia abyssinica

Economic Importance

• The disease was reported around Varanasi.
• Heavy losses are incurred as the diseased plants dry.

GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogea)
Fungal diseases
1) Collar rot
Symptoms: The hypocotyls of germinating seeds are infected. The germinating seeds become covered with sooty black masses of spores. The infected tissues become dark brown and shredded. Necrosis and shredding of tissues may extend into branches.
The organism is both soil borne and seed borne.
Causal organism: Aspergillus niger
Management
i) Seed treatment with Carbendazim 50% WP @ 2-2. 5g/kg or Carboxin 37.5% WP +Thiram 37.5% WP @ 3gm/kg of seed.
ii) Growing of resistant varieties like Smruti

9.1. Groundnut

9.1.1. Early leaf spot: Cercospora arachidicola

1. Symptoms

Introduction

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L., Family: Malvaceae) also known as lady’s finger has been originated in Africa and introduced to India during early 20^th century. As an economical vegetable crop, it can be grown in tropical as well as sub-tropical parts of the world. During 2018-19, the total area under cultivation of okra was 511 thousand ha while the production stood at 6219 thousand MT in India (Horticulture Statistics Division, 2018). Okra can be grown on wide range of soils, but higher yield can be obtained in well-drained fertile soils with adequate organic matter. It is utilized for various purposes in terms of fresh leaves, buds, flowers, pods and stems providing a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, calcium, potassium, enzymes, and total minerals in human diet. The mucilage has medicinal applications when used as a plasma replacement (Nilesh, et al., 2012), and the seeds contain 20 to 40% oil content (Sorapong, 2012).

Okra pods (per 100 g edible portion) are composed of water (88.6 g), energy (36 kcal), protein (2.10 g), carbohydrate (8.20 g), fat (0.20 g), fibre (1.70 g), Ca (84.00 mg), P (90.00 mg), Fe (1.20 mg), p-carotene (185.00 μg), riboflavin (0.08 mg), thiamine (0.04 mg), niacin (0.60 mg) and ascorbic acid (47.00 mg) ((Priya, et al., 2014).). Therefore, okra has been called as “a perfect villager’s vegetable” due to its robust nature, high dietary fibre as well as distinct seed protein with a balance of both lysine and tryptophan amino acids. Okra production is subjected to various diseases caused by fungi, virus and nematodes as a major biotic constraint. The mandates of integrated disease management of okra are to impart knowledge about symptoms, causal organism, disease cycle and epidemiology of major diseases. The present review will give a brief highlight about major diseases of okra viz. yellow vein mosaic, wilt, powdery mildew, cercospora leaf spot, damping off, collar rot and root knot nematode.

Introduction

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L).is a cross pollinated vegetable crop. Okra originated near about Ethiopia& its cultivation became widespread in North Africa and the Middle East (Lamont, 1999; Tindal, 1983). Okra is grown commercially in many nations, such as Ethiopia, Cyprus, India, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, Iran, Western Africa, Yugoslavia, Myanmar, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand, Brazil, Southern United States, and Ethiopia (Purseglove, 1987; benjawan et al. 2007; Qhureshi, 2007). It is a widely used, high-valued vegetable crop that is commercially grown for its tender pods during the spring, summer, and kharif seasons. Okra has high moisture content, making it a good source of vitamins, minerals, and mucilage. Okra is cultivated and consumed commercially throughout the year in many different places of India. 

Onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) are monocots originating from Asia. These are collectively called as Alliums and formerly classified with the Liliaceae (lilies and relatives). But, now they have been classified in their own family the Alliaceae. The plants ofAlliaceae family are mostly used for seasoning and cooking. Some common crops in the family are bulb onion (Allium cepa), spring or salad onion (A. cepa), bunching onion (A. fistulosum), garlic (A. sativum), leek (A. porrum).

Onions and garlic are prone to several different diseases, especially in wet growing seasons. These often get started on their leaves, and if severe, can reduce bulb growth and yield. Another way onion diseases can cause damage is when they infect bulbs later in the season, which may lead to losses in storage. Some important diseases of onion and garlic are being discussed in this chapter:

Purple blotch

Alternaria porri

Diagnostic Symptoms

• Disease symptoms occurs on leaf and flower stalks.

Bulbous herb (Onion) that belongs to Alliaceae family and usually called as the “Queen of the Kitchen.” It is an important biennial vegetable crop grown in India with high export value. A crop that thrives in temperate climates where temperatures between 12.8 to 23°C are necessary for vegetative growth and 20 to 25? are required later for proper bulb development. Onion pungency is due to the presence of allyl-propyl-disulphide. The pigment quercetin and anthocyanin is responsible for yellow and red colour of onion. It has medical benefits like lowering disease risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and atherosclerosis. It possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties (Wilson and Demmig-Adams., 2007).The bulb is useful as diuretic and heart stimulant (Ahmad et al., 2016).

Plant diseases comprise a major factor in the culture of papaya. Adequate control measures are necessary to intensify the production of papaya. There are over 17 diseases caused by fungi, viruses, mycoplasma and nematodes, which affect papaya plant all over the world. Of these about 5-6 diseases like collar rot, damping off, anthracnose, mosaic and leaf curl are serious problems in many papaya growing areas of the world. They can reduce yield greatly and impair marketability of fruits. They must be checked and losses due to them must be minimized in order to increase the economics of papaya production.

Anthracnose

Economic Importance

Anthracnose is considered as one of the principle postharvest disease of papaya occurring worldwide and has been noted to cause huge losses in countries like Brazil, Hawaii (USA) and Mexico. It is one ofthe most ubiquitous and destructive disease of papaya, mainly during storage. The fungus infects various parts of the plant but mainly occurs in fruits, which later becomes unfit for commercialization. It is a major limitation to papaya production of about 90% along with the exportation of the fruit to bigger overseas market. The disease can have serious effect on refrigerated fruit for export. The use of inappropriate postharvest methods can result in production of up to 100% diseased fruits from some orchards.

Introduction

Carica papaya is a tree-like herb that grows 2 to 10 meters tall and is often unbranched, cylindrical & hollow stem Fruits are large, cylindrical, with fleshy orange pulp. Numerous, small, black, round seed with gelatinous aril. Papaya leaves have historically been used to treat thrombocytopenia brought on by a dengue infection. (Chinnappan et. al. 2016; Sharma et. al. 2019). Papaya fruits have healing capabilities against cancer, antimicrobial anti-malarial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune-boosting, blood sugar-lowering, wound healing, gastro-protective, and capable of curing fever, asthma, jaundice, irregular menstruation, and beriberi. The pharmaceutical and wellness industries have seen a steady rise in demand for papaya as a result of researchers’ recent discovery of their therapeutic potential.