eChapters

White Rust

Albugo candida

Economic Importance

• White rust is an important disease affecting mustard crop in world.
• Countries where the disease occurs include the Brazil, Canada, Fiji, Germany, India, Japan, New Zealand, Pakistan, Turkey and UK.
• Up to 60 per cent or more yield losses on B. rapa and B. juncea from this disease have been reported in India.

Wilt

Fusarium udum

Economic Importance

• Wilt is widely prevalent throughout the world but more important in India and in eastern Africa.
• Wilt is the worst disease of red gram in India, causing severe damage wherever the crop is grown, especially in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Tamil Nadu.
• The disease is reported to cause 30-100% loss in grain yield and may cause 100% yield losses in susceptible genotypes.
• The annual losses due to wilt have been estimated at $71 million in India.

1 Defective oxygenation of blood in pulmonary circulation

a) Anaemic anoxia b) Stagnant anoxia

c) Anoxic anoxia d) Histotoxic anoxia

The functional efficiency of the respiratory system depends on the ability to oxygenate the blood and to remove CO2 as it passes in the respiratory
circulation resultant. Interference with this function can occur in a number of ways but the resultant defect in all cases is lack of adequate oxygen supply to
the tissues. The respiratory insufficiency like anoxia or hypoxia is responsible for most of the clinical signs of respiratory diseases leading to respiratory
failure and finally death.

Fungal Diseases

Blast

Pyricularia oryzae (Sexual stage: Magnaporthe grisea)

Economic Importance

• Rice blast is the most important disease concerning the rice crop in the world.
• It has been found in over 85 countries across the world.
• The disease was first recorded in China in 1637.
• In India, occurrence of this disease was first reported from the Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu in 1918.
• The disease now occurs in almost all principal rice growing areas of India.
• Every year the amount of crops lost to rice blast could feed 60 million people.
• In severe cases losses amounting to 70-80% of grain yield was recorded.

Introduction

Roses, widely cultivated as cut flowers in greenhouses, as entire plants in nurseries, or within home gardens, encounter common issues across these diverse growing environments, including black spot, Botrytis blight, downy mildew, powdery mildew, and rust. Specific challenges like downy mildew and rose rosette gained prominence in the 2010s. The susceptibility of roses to various diseases varies by geographical region; for instance, rose replant disease is a concern in Europe but not in North America. Greenhouses and tropical climates, as seen in Central and South America, face heightened issues with powdery mildew, downy mildew, rust, and Botrytis blight. Disease management proves costly and can constrain rose production, prompting innovations like the adoption of hydroponics in Colombia, leading to improved pest control, enhanced rose quality, and increased productivity.

Powdery mildew

Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae (Sphaerotheca pannosa)

Diagnostic Symptoms

• A white, powdery fungal growth on the upper, lower or both leaves and shoots.

Wilt

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. carthami

Economic Importance

• The disease was reported for the first time from America in 1950.
• Wilt is a devastating disease infecting the crop right from seedling to maturity resulting in crop losses to varied degrees depending on the severity of infection.
• The disease incidence has been reported in India to the tune of 80 percent under favorable condition.

Wilt

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. carthami

Economic Importance

• The disease was reported for the first time from America in 1950.
• Wilt is a devastating disease infecting the crop right from seedling to maturity resulting in crop losses to varied degrees depending on the severity of infection.
• The disease incidence has been reported in India to the tune of 80 percent under favorable condition.

Root Rot or Stem Rot or Charcoal Rot

Macrophomina phaseolina (Sclerotial stage: Rhizoctonia bataticola)

Economic Importance

• Root rot is an important disease of sesame as infection occurs from seed germination and emergence to adult plant stage.
• The losses incurred are even up to 100 per cent, if conditions are favorable.

Causes: Dietary causes like hypovitaminosis A, nutritional deficiency of vitamin B complex, linoleic acid. Iodine poisoning. Parasitic causes like flea, lice, mange infestation, ring worm.

Sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) are essential electrolytes that play critical roles in maintaining fluid balance, acid-base homeostasis, nerve transmission, and muscle function in animals. Imbalances in these electrolytes, whether due to deficiency or excess, can lead to serious health issues that affect productivity and well-being. This chapter discusses the disorders associated
with sodium, potassium, and chloride imbalances in animals, their causes,
symptoms, and nutritional management strategies.
1. Sodium disorders
Sodium is the primary extracellular cation and is crucial for maintaining osmotic pressure, fluid balance, and nerve signal transmission.
a) Hyponatremia (Sodium deficiency)
Causes
1. Dietary deficiency: Inadequate sodium in feed or water.
2. Excessive loss: Through sweat, diarrhea, vomiting, or prolonged lactation.
3. Dilutional hyponatremia: Excessive water intake diluting sodium levels.

Tomato
1. Damping off
Pathogen
Pythium aphanidermatum
Fusarium spp.
Sclerotium spp.
Symptoms
Damping off is the most important disease of tomato. Several seed and soil borne fungi can kill before the tender redical and plumule establish in the nursery bed. The pre emergence damping off and seed rotting is the usual cause of poor seedling stand. This type of damping off causes hidden loss but the post emergence damping off is more serious problem. Seedlings get infected near the soil line (collar region) after emergence and give wire stem symptoms. The tissue become soft, water soaked and weak causing the seedlings fall over and later on they die. The entire action is so fast that leaves remain green but they are unable to stand further.

Loose Smut/Kernel Smut

Sphacelotheca cruenta

Economic Importance

• Loose smut is distributed in Africa, Europe, Asia and America.
• In India, it occurs in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
• It is less common than grain smut.
• The pathogen affects plant growth and development adversely.
• Grain yield losses correlate well with percentage of the disease distribution in fields.

Soyabean (Glycine max L. Merril) belongs to the legume family Fabaceae is one of the world’s most important legume crop and is the second most important cash crop in in India.

Economic Importance

Soyabean contributes to 25% of the global edible oil and about two-thirds of the world’s protein concentrate for livestock feeding (Agarwal, et al., 2013). In many countries such as China, Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Philippines, and Indonesia soyabean is considered to be a source of meat, milk, cheese, bread, and oil and therefore it is called “Cow of the field” or “Gold from soil” (Edwards et al., 2019). Soyabean is a chief source of protein and oil as it contains about 40% protein and 20% oil. Many processed products are made from soyabean such as soy milk, soy flour, soy protein, tofu etc. Due to its amino acids composition, soyabean protein is called a complete protein and is consumed at homes for food purposes. The protein fiber that remains after the oil has been extracted is a good source of animal feed for poultry, pork, cattle, other farm animals and pets. Soyabean is an important foreign exchange earner due to export of soybean defatted oil cake (Agarwal, et al., 2013). Bio diesel is produced from soyabean which is non-toxic, renewable and environmentally friendly and reduces particulate emissions.

Dry Root Rot / Charcoal Rot

Macrophomina phaseolina

Economic Importance

• Dry root rot has been found in most of the soybean-growing areas of the India.
• The disease has been increasing in importance and can result in substantial yield losses.
• In most fields, stand losses range from less than 5% to over 50% in severe cases.
• It is most prevalent on seedling and young plants, causing a root and stem rot.

1. Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

‘Ginger’, which originated in Southeast Asia has a long history that goes back over 5000 years when the Indians and Ancient Chinese considered it as a tonic root for all ailments. At an early date it was exported to Ancient Rome from India and was used extensively by the Romans. Subsequently it was cultivated in several other countries for its medicinal value. Ginger is cultivated in most of the states of India. Kerala and Meghalaya are the major ginger growing states. India’s production of ginger constitutes about 50 per cent of the total world’s production.

Ginger is an erect, herbaceous , perennial, flowering plant, the rhizome of which is used as a spice. Ginger is an ancient spice and is a common ingredient in many Asian foods and is used in soups, curries, noodles, stews etc. It is widely used to flavor beverages, such as tea, coffee, lemonades, cocktails etc. In many places across the world ginger is used in sweets, alcoholic beverages, such as ginger beer and wine. Ginger has powerful anti-inflammatory properties. Further it has many other health related benefits, such as ability to help with arthritis, osteoarthritis, relieves nausea and pain, prevents cancer, improves respiratory conditions and reduces flatulence. It also boosts bone health, strengthens the immune system and increases appetite.

8.1. Pepper

8.1.1. Phytophthora foot rot / quick wilt: Phytophthora capsici

Symptoms

• Die back

• Discoloration occurs and rotting progress upwards and downwards resulting in die-back.

• Lateral branches of affected vines break off at nodes and fall off.

• Foot rot or collar rot

• Stem near ground level get infected and rotting and death of vine within 2-3 weeks.

• Affected portion emits bad odour.

• Root rot

• Infection starts at main root or at feeder root.

• Leaves become yellow and defoliate.

Introduction

Spine gourd/Teasel gourd (English), (Momordica dioica Roxb.) is popularly known as Kantola or Kakrol in India. It is a perennial, dioecious, cucurbitaceous climbing creeper that belongs to the cucurbitaceae family (Raj et al., 1993). The spine gourd is also called as janglee karela (Harish, 2008). The crop is cultivated for its fruits, which are used as vegetable (Sastri, 1962). Young twigs and leaves of this crop are also used as vegetable (Bandyopadhyay and Mukherjee, 2006). The fruit is rich in ascorbic acid and contain iodine (Rao, 2001). Karnataka and West Bengal are the two main states that cultivate spine gourd commercially. Indira Kankoda I (RMF 37) is a new commercial hybrid variety of spine gourd developed by Indira Gandhi Agricultural University. This hybrid variety is commercially cultivated in the states of Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra and Jharkhand. Spine gourd can also be grown well up to an altitude of 1500 m in Assam and Garo hills of Meghalaya (Ram et al., 2002). This popular vegetable has high demand in market but still remain underutilized and underexploited mainly due to its vegetative mode of propagation and dioecious nature (Bharathi et al., 2010). Adopting improved genotypes and standardized agro- techniques can increased the yield potential of spine gourd (Tiwari and Tigga, 2015).

Introduction

Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) belonging to family Rosaceae is an important fruit crop in India and is commercially produced in temperate and sub- tropical areas of the country. In India, it is mainly cultivated in the states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan. Nainital and Dehradun districts of Uttarakhand, Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra), Kashmir valley, Kalimpong (West Bengal) are the core centers of strawberry cultivation in India. Sub-tropical areas in Jammu also possess tremendous potential to grow the crop in irrigated condition. Strawberry cultivation can boost the income potential of small scale and marginal farmers because its high value creates potential for significant profit. It yields quickest return in shortest time than any other profit. The leaves of strawberry are rich in essential oil. India exports strawberries to countries like Austria, Bangladesh, Germany and Jordan.

Strawberry also possess many health benefits such as flavonoids content lowers the risk of heart diseases. Potassium, Vitamin K and magnesium content of fruit are important for healthy and strong bone. Strawberries are rich in antioxidant ellagic acid, which protects the elastic fibres of skin to prevent sagging. Strawberries lowers blood levels of C- reactive proteins, a signal of inflammation in the body.

The optimum day and night temperature for better growth, development and fruiting of the plant is 22-25°C and 7-13°C respectively. Also, it thrives best on a well drained medium loam and slightly acidic soil with high organic matter content.

Although the strawberry crop is highly remunerative however, its management is intensive and encounters a number of setbacks in form of diseases and pests. A large number of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases are known to infect different parts of plant such as foliage, fruit and root.

Some major diseases of strawberry includes leaf spot, powdery mildew, anthracnose, grey mould, fusarium wilt, crown rot, rhizobus rot, red stele, nematode diseases etc. Few other diseases caused by abiotic factors includes sunburn, frogmouth, albinism.