eChapters

I. FILL UPS

1. The developing ovule is commonly attached to the placenta by the _____.
2. The scar on the ovule made where the funiculus detaches at maturity is known as the _____.
3. The point where the integuments meet at the nuclear apex is _____.
4. Opposite to the micropyle, the region of integumentary origin and attachment is called _____.
5. Between the chalaza and the hilum is an area called _____.
6. _____ is an example for species with developed perisperm.

Introduction
The urinary system comprises of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra) The latter is shared by the genital organs.
• The urinary system develops from the intermediate mesoderm
• Three different kidney systems are formed in vertebrates--pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros.
Pronephros: - Forms a duct that empties into the cloaca- Pronephric tubules connect each body segment with the coelom (body cavity) Pronephric tubules never become functional in mammals
Mesonephros: - Pronephric duct becomes mesonephric duct Distal to the pronephric tubules appear mesonephric tubules that surround tufts of blood vessels (glomeruli), but no loop of Henle is formed Blood is transported to mesonephric tubules, filtrate is transported to the mesonephric duct and finally to the urogenital portion of the cloaca
Metanephros: - Metanephric bud (ureteric bud) Metanephric blastema
• Bud gives rise to the ureter, the pelvis of the kidney, and collecting tubules.
• Blastema gives rise to nephrons.
The internal structure of the kidney varies among species. It is determined by the number and size of calyces which branch from the renal pelvis. Each calyx forms the base of a renal lobe (renal pyramid). All mammalian kidneys begin as multipyramidal (multilobular) structures, but lobules fuse to varying degrees, depending upon the species. (Note, this multilobulation is maintained in the histological structures)

Bone is the only tissue in the body able to heal without microscopical scarring. On the other hand fracture healing is a slow process causing long immobilization periods with consequently high costs for fracture healing giving rise to delayed healing, fibrous healing or non-healing with subsequent problems for both, the patient and the orthopedic surgeon. Fracture healing is complex phenomenon which involves numerous cells, regulators of cell function and biochemical interactions in the repair process. The healing potential of bone, in a fracture model is influenced by a variety of biochemical, biomechanical, cellular, hormonal and pathological mechanisms. A continuous occurring state of bone deposition, resorption and remodeling facilitates the healing process.

Biodegradable and bioinert ceramic materials such as hydroxyapatite (HA), tri-calcium phosphate (TCP), aluminum-calcium-phosphate (ALCAP) ceramics provides scaffold to support the attachment and migration of newly formed bone cells into the osseous defect and also help in formation of a vascular network through the newly formed bone. Bioceramic also act as a carrier to deliver stem cells for osteogenesis.

Specific bone-inductive proteins/growth factors can induce bone formation and healing in vivo. These morphogens are therefore, to be an ideal alternative to autogenous bone grafts. These findings initiating intensive research into bone regeneration orchestrated by putative soluble signals and lead to the discovery and identification of an entirely novel family of protein initiators collectively called the bone morphogenic protein (BMPs), which belong to transforming growth factors-ß (TGF- ß) super family. These growth factors might possess a biological activity that is site and tissue specific in the induction of bone formation. Different growth factors have been demonstrated to possess osteoinductive and fracture healing properties.

Stem cells have therapeutic potential in the realm of orthopaedic surgery because of their capacity to self-renew and differentiate into various types of mature cells and tissues, including bone. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of pre-implantation embryos and represent embryonic precursor cells that give rise to any cell type in the embryo. Specifically, it has been shown that ES cells can differentiate into osteogenic cells under selective culture conditions. These osteogenic cells are capable of in vitro producing bone nodules in three dimensional scaffolds.

1. INTRODUCTION

Until the 1990s, the phrase Corporate Governance (CG) was relatively unknown but since then it has gained a huge importance when the corporate sector was surrounded with problems of unethical practicesand flagrant violations of rules and regulations in a number of countries. CG has received increased attention as multiple cases of risk of corporate failures both for public and private sectors. Multiple corporate failures worldwide, such as those of Maxwell, Enron, Global crossing, and Sunbeam forced the regulatory authorities to set up codes and standards on CG.The Indian market has also faced a number of scams since early nineties.Harshad Mehta Stock Scam in 1992 is one of the corporate frauds in the country which finally resulted in setting up of Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee in 1999. Based on their recommendations in 2000, Clause 49 on CG was inserted in the listing agreement of every stock exchange in India. The purpose was to promote and raise standards of CG of listed companies. CG has now become most common phrase in the business world of 21^st century. It is important for financial health of the corporations and relationshipwith the public at large; may it be an individual or community especially after the collapse of Satyam Software Services Ltd. in 2008.It has been made mandatory for the Indian companies to comply with CG norms, to give reports and disclosures as per the listing agreement and various provisions of the Companies Act in their annual reports. The importance ofCG in the 21^st century keeps on increasing as the economy is growing.

Introduction

Electronic resources represent an increasingly important component of the library collection building. “Electronic resources” refer to those materials that require computer access, whether through a personal computer, mainframe, or handheld mobile device. They may either be accessed remotely via the Internet or locally. Some of the most frequently encountered types are:

Emergency medicine deals with patients those are critically ill and requires immediate healthcare for survival. Every life threatening disease is presented
for emergency management and the clinician is required during emergenices to successfully manage these with strong working knowledge, quick assessment
and appropriate action.

1 In emergency medicine, first aid measures do not include examination of

a) Airway b) Breathing

c) Circulation d) Blood Pressure

Emerging preservation technologies are being developed to meet increasing expectations for food safety, nutritional quality, sustainability and longer shelf life. Greater investigation remains necessary to understand their effects, limitations and suitability for large-scale industrial application. This chapter examines innovative physical, chemical and biological methods used at different stages of the food chain. Technologies include plasma-activated water, cold atmospheric plasma, advanced oxidation, electrolysed water, space-food preservation, hurdle systems and biopreservation. Their mechanisms involve reactive species, microbial membrane damage, oxidation, combined environmental stresses and beneficial biological agents. The chapter assesses their applications, advantages and disadvantages while highlighting research, regulation, process standardisation, equipment cost and commercial scalability.

Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging infectious diseases are those due to newly identified and previously unknown infections which cause public health problems either locally or internationally.
Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Re-emerging infectious diseases are those due to the reappearance and increase of infections which are known, but had formerly fallen to levels so low that they were no longer considered a public health problem.
What Causes Emergence or Re-emergence of Infectious Diseases?
Several factors contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases, but most can be linked with the increasing number of people living and moving on earth: rapid and intense international travel; overcrowding in cities with poor sanitation; changes in handling and processing of large quantities of food; and increased exposure of humans to disease vectors and reservoirs in nature. Other factors include a deteriorating public health infrastructure which is unable to cope with population demands, and the emergence of resistance to antibiotics linked to their increased misuse.
Avian Influenza
Avian influenza is a zoonotic, globally important disease of birds that can be categorised as either low pathogenic (LPAI) or highly pathogenic (HPAI) according to the virulence of the virus in animals. Outbreaks of LPAI are common around the world but LPAI typically causes no clinical signs or only minor illness in infected birds. LPAI strains are generally less of a threat to human health; in addition, LPAI can have significant economic repercussions as a result of export restrictions and culling of birds, particularly in developing countries where the use of vaccines and other veterinary medicines is difficult
due to weak veterinarian services and small farming units. Compared with LPAI, HPAI is more readily detected in poultry due to very high levels of mortality in infected birds, and can cause potentially catastrophic economic consequences, from significantly reduced livestock populations to lost export markets. Though relatively rare, sporadic human infections of HPAI have occurred in cases of close contact with infected birds and caused serious illness
and even death.

Emerging Infectious Diseases
Emerging infectious diseases are those due to newly identified and previously unknown infections which cause public health problems either locally or internationally.
Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
Re-emerging infectious diseases are those due to the reappearance and increase of infections which are known, but had formerly fallen to levels so low that they were no longer considered a public health problem.
What Causes Emergence or Re-emergence of Infectious Diseases?
Several factors contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases, but most can be linked with the increasing number of people living and moving on earth: rapid and intense international travel; overcrowding in cities with poor sanitation; changes in handling and processing of large quantities of food; and increased exposure of humans to disease vectors and reservoirs in nature. Other factors include a deteriorating public health infrastructure which is unable to cope with population demands, and the emergence of resistance to antibiotics linked to their increased misuse.

Introduction

The antibiotics are low molecular weight natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substance that kills or slows the growth of germs while causing little or no harm to the host is considered an antimicrobial (Walsh, 2000). Antibiotics are the type of medicine produced by some microorganisms that kill or slow the growth of other microorganisms. It includes any of a large group of chemical substances, as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms and fungi, having the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms, used chiefly in the treatment of infectious diseases (De Vetten et al., 2003). However today, a large number of bacteria are resistant to various antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs when a bacterium becomes able to survive and multiply despite the presence of an antibiotic that would normally control or kill it. In other words, the bacteria become “resistant” and continue to grow even at therapeutic levels of the antibiotic. While antibiotic resistance is a natural phenomenon, it is accelerated by the selective pressure exerted when an antibiotic is used. Bacteria that are naturally resistant to the antibiotic have a better chance of survival compared to those that are susceptible. As the susceptible bacteria are killed or inhibited, resistant strains are favored and continue to thrive (Holme et al., 2006). Some resistance arises without human influence, as bacteria can naturally produce antibiotics against other microorganisms, resulting in a low-level, natural selection for antibiotic resistance. However, the current surge in antibiotic resistant bacteria is largely attributed to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. One of the main issues facing public health is antimicrobial resistance, particularly in developing nations where access to and use of medications are easier than in developed nations, leading to a disproportionately higher rate of inappropriate antibiotic use and higher resistance levels (Ganguly et al., 2011). Antimicrobial resistance will make it more difficult to control infections in the community and make health care services less effective (Bhatia et al., 2010). It is well known that India has one of the highest rates of infectious disease burdens in the world, and that the country’s high rates of malnutrition and inadequate sanitation make these circumstances worse (http://www. resistancestrategies.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/03/Indiareport).

1 INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture has been growing at higher rate than any other animal food-producing sector globally with Asia dominating the production. Considering the higher consumer demand for aquatic animal food, coupled with stagnating harvest from capture fisheries the rapid growth of aquaculture is expected to continue in the future. For instance, the global production of farmed food fish including finfishes, crustaceans, molluscs, amphibians (frogs), aquatic reptiles (except crocodiles) and other aquatic animals such as sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sea squirts and jellyfishes was 59.9 million metric tones (mmt), up by 7.5 percent from 55.7 mmt in 2009 (FAO, 2012). Asia accounted for 89 percent of world aquaculture production by volume in 2010 with China alone accounting for more than 60 percent of global aquaculture production volume in 2010. The other major producers in Asia are India (4.65 mmt), Viet Nam (2.67 mmt), Indonesia (2.30 mmt), Bangladesh (1.31mmt), Thailand (1.29 mmt), Myanmar (0.85mmt), the Philippines (0.74 mmt) and Japan (0.72 mmt). Further, in light of increasing population pressure on land, intensification of aquaculture practices has been taking place and now two-third of all food fish production aquaculture is achieved with artificial feeding (FAO, 2012). In recent years it also has become apparent that aquaculture production is vulnerable to adverse impacts of diseases and environmental conditions as farmed organisms are susceptible to a wide range of factors that can pose a major threat to a thriving aquaculture industry with considerable economical repercus-sions. For instance, in 2010, aquaculture in China suffered production losses of 1.7 million tonnes caused by natural disasters, diseases and pollution. Disease outbreaks virtually wiped out marine shrimp farming production in Mozambique in 2011 (FAO, 2012). In addition, impacts of culture environment, and harvest and post-harvest handlings on flesh quality are also increasingly becoming important issues.

Technology Scouting and Innovations in Technology Incubation
Technology scouting and innovations in technology incubation have a symbiotic relationship, fuelling each other for the benefit of budding startups and the broader technology ecosystem. Let’s dive deeper into their individual roles and how they interact:
Technology Scouting
Technology Scouting is the process of discovering, analyzing and evaluating new or existing technologies that will help them with their innovation process. In simple terms, it is a process for companies to find the necessary technology outside the company.
Hunting for promising technologies: Scouts actively search for emerging technologies, patents, research advancements, and market trends across various sectors.
Evaluating potential and fit: They assess the technical feasibility, market potential, and compatibility with the needs of incubators and their supported startups.
Connecting innovators and ventures: Scouts bridge the gap between technology creators (researchers, inventors, startups) and potential users (incubators, established companies).
Fuelling innovation pipelines: Technology scouting helps incubators access a wider range of technologies and ideas, enriching their portfolio and diversifying the innovations supported.

Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are a class of newly discovered contaminants that have been identified as major water pollutants that have negative impacts on human health in recent years. These micropollutants are said to bioaccumulate in people, other aquatic food web creatures, and macro invertebrates. Conventional treatment methods are unable to eliminatethem. Only advancements in analytical  instrumentation made it possible to identify these pollutants, even at minuscule amounts. As new compounds are discovered over time, concerns are raised about their origins, fate, transportation, transformations, and effects on aquatic habitats. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the contaminants that are categorized as “emerging,” together with information on their sources, entry points into the environment, and associated threats to environment and possible treatments to somehow eliminate them.
Keywords: Emerging contaminants, Micropollutants and Aquatic System.

1. INTRODUCTION

Science and Technology are vital for developing low-input and high-output agriculture and pharmaceutical. India needs frugal use of natural resources and diversification of agricultural activities. Transgenic technologies are highly misunderstood. Genetically modified crops are a result of them. In fact genetic modification of crops for human use is going on since their domestication. By introduction of Bt cotton in 2002, yields have doubled. American bollworm can no longer threaten Indian cotton crops. Insects can develop resistance to Bt gene or some virus attacking the crop needs more research. RNA-mediated gene suppression may aid the development of patent strategies that will support the next generation of genetically modified crops and enhance scope of patenting. Many fancy Organic farming, which will need 40 percent more agricultural land for present number of people on earth although it is ever increasing. Biotechnology has revolutionized agriculture, healthcare, industrial processing, environmental sustainability and is also a revenue generator. India is poised for a tremendous growth in BT sector. NanoBT has now entered into furthering the useful research on faster pace. It has scientific and technical pool of human resources, rich biodiversity, large agricultural and market base for new BT products and world recognition as a producer of low cost, high quality bulk drugs and formulations. Issues surrounding Intellectual Property Rights and BT inventions are varied but interrelated. Basic research has to be transferred to applied field and the resultant is to be commercialized. In some countries, plant varieties are protected by sui generis system. Post genome research has added fuel to the fire; new innovative fields, like ‘Bioinformatics’ with plenty of biology information and new processing methods have emerged. BT uses four tools of IPR, viz. Patents, Trademarks, Trade secrets and Copyright. At present, its contribution to the World’s patenting activity is less than three percent. As such there is a necessity to amend the IP laws to give better protection to R&D, and better enforcement of IP, technology transfer and licensing arrangements. Biotech industry in India is flourishing more in pharmaceuticals, particularly in healthcare. There is an urgent need for harmonization of administration and centralization of the patenting process in accordance with WIPO diktats.

Introduction

Food fraud is not new it can be traced back to ancient Rome and Athens, where regulations prohibiting the adulteration of beverages with flavours and colours were in place. It exists since the food trade has been started. Food fraud affects all food supply chains, thus the entire food sector. Due to globalisation and the increasing complexity of supply lines, food supply chains are becoming more vulnerable to food fraud (Robson et al., 2021a). A fraud is “any act or omission relating to the use or presentation of false, incorrect, or incomplete statements or documents, or non disclosure of information in violation of a specific obligation, and any other illegal activity affecting the financial interests” (EU No. 2017/1371).

Introduction
In the paradigm of development, the Government of India generated a Central Sector Scheme for the people associated with agriculture – a sector contributing to 18.2 per cent of the nation’s GDP, titled “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Produce Organizations (FPOs)” with major focus on upheaval of farming community. With well-defined strategy and committed resources the Scheme is set-out to formulate 10,000 new FPOs in the country with budgetary provision of Rs 6865 crore. At the core of formation of each FPO, that are to be developed in produce clusters, wherein agricultural and horticultural produces are grown / cultivated for leveraging economies of scale and improving market access for members. “One District-One Product” cluster to promote specialization and better processing, marketing, branding & export. Under this Central Sector Scheme with funding from Government of India, Formation & Promotion of FPOs are to be done through the Implementing Agencies (IAs). Presently 09 Implementing Agencies (IAs) have been finalized for formation and promotion of FPOs viz. Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC), National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED), North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation Limited (NERAMAC), Tamil Nadu-Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium (TN-SFAC), Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium Haryana (SFACH), Watershed Development Department (WDD)- Karnataka, and Foundation for Development of Rural Value Chains (FDRVC)- Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD). The Implementing Agencies (IAs) engage Cluster Based Business Organizations (CBBOs) to aggregate, register & provide professional handholding support to each FPO for a period of 5 years. CBBOs have been empanelled & engaged by IAs. CBBOs operate as an end-to-end knowledge for all issues related to FPO promotion. During 2020-21, a total of 2200 FPO produce clusters were allocated for formation of FPOs, which also include specialized FPO produce clusters such as 100 FPOs for Organic, 100 FPOs for Oil seeds, etc. Of these, 369 FPOs are targeted for 115 aspirational districts in the country. Additionally, NAFED would form the specialized FPOs which should necessarily be forwardly linked to the market, agri-value chain, etc. NAFED will provide market and value chain linkages to the FPOs formed by other Implementing Agencies. NAFED has formed & registered 05 Honey FPOs during current year in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Bihar and West Bengal. FPOs are earmarked to provide financial assistance upto Rs 18.00 lakh per FPO for a period of 03 years. In addition to this, provision has been made for matching equity grant upto Rs. 2,000 per farmer member of FPO with a limit of Rs. 15.00 lakh per FPO and a credit guarantee facility upto Rs. 2 crore of project loan per FPO from eligible lending institution to ensure institutional credit accessibility to FPOs.

The Asia-Pacific region, home to a large proportion of the world’s agricultural producers and consumers, faces complex challenges: climate change, infrastructure gaps, market fragmentation, and inefficient supply chains that result in high post-harvest losses and limited farmer incomes. However, the region is witnessing rapid innovation across multiple fronts that promise to transform agri-food supply chains into more climate-resilient, transparent, inclusive, and efficient systems. These emerging opportunities align with regional sustainability goals and create pathways for economic growth and rural development. 7.1 Climate-Smart Infrastructure: Financing Low-Carbon and Resilient Agri Supply Chains Green Bonds for Solar Cold Rooms Vietnam’s Mekong Delta — a critical rice-producing region — is pioneering the issuance of green bonds to finance solar-powered cold rooms under the “One Million Hectares” low-carbon rice initiative

Introduction

Pedagogy in higher education is often referred to as activities of educating, instructing or teaching to impart knowledge and skills (Diaz, 2013). With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in the year 2020, instructors worldwide faced a challenge in maintaining the teaching pedagogy suited to the online teaching environments. Many instructors with no prior experience teaching online started developing new approaches to solve the challenges in a changing landscape. The main challenges to solve was concerning creating favourable learning experiences, creating engaging classroom experiences, and meeting the expectations of all the students in the online environment (Teachonline, 2020). The internet has provided a wide range of opportunities, leading to uninterrupted education through various conferencing platforms. Since the year 2000, the proliferation of Web 2.0 was tested in the field of education with several tools such as blogs, wiki articles and use of social media channels. Web 2.0 provided increasing scope to the teachers and students to create, edit and share content which is appealing to the learners. Currently, we have entered the Web 3.0 era in which the technologies can be customized to enhance the learning environment for better facilitation of learning needs.