eChapters

Objective: To study the planting and stand management practices of Kala Shisham (Dalbergia latifolia).

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the shisham plantation or forest for seed collection then sowing the seeds in nursery and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in shisham plantation.

Observation recording: The students are advised to visit the different forests areas and identify various insects and pests damaging trees in various ways like leaf feeding (defoliator), stem boring (stem borer) damaging seeds (seed borer) etc and various pathogens.

Observation recording: Students are advised to visit the teak forest or plantation for seed collection then sowing the seeds in nursery and record the various nursery practices and conduct tending operations in teak plantation.

Observation recording: The students are advised to visit the different forests areas and identify various insects and pests damaging trees in various ways like leaf feeding (defoliator), stem boring (stem borer) damaging seeds (seed borer) etc and various pathogens. Collect the specimens from field bring them in laboratory and identify with the help of inhouse specimens in college laboratory or standard literature viz. The Ecology and Control of the Forest Insects of India and the Neighbouring Countries by Beeson CEC, Forest Pathology: Principles and Practice in Forestry by Bakshi, BK.

Observation recording: Now a days green felling is completely banned. Fuelwood species are managed under clear-felling systems and tree species infected by insects and pests are felled selectively. The students are advised to visit the fuelwood plantations and forests areas where selective felling is going on.

Observation recording: Today green felling is completely banned. Fuelwood species are managed under clear-felling systems and tree species infected by insects and pests are felled selectively. The students are advised to visit the fuelwood plantations and forests areas where selective felling is going on.

Observation recording: To record the observation on seed germination, Pollination and dispersal needs to conduct frequent field visits in different seasons for recording the various pollination and dispersing agents and conducting experiment on seed germination.

Observation recording: To record the response of various tree species to produce root sucker, coppicing, pollarding, pruning and browsing of various tropical tree species requires field visits and conducting experiment to observe which species is producing root suckers, coppice etc.

Observation recording: To record the response of various tree species to the light, fire, drought, frost and wind, frequent visits of the forest areas which are affected by fire, drought and frost should be conducted. Studies relevant to light requirement in various growth stages of tree and ability to stand against various intensities wind are very lengthy that requires long time periodic studies.

Observation recording: To record the response of various tree species to the light, fire, drought, frost and wind, frequent visits of the forest areas which are affected by fire, drought and frost should be conducted. Studies relevant to light requirement in various growth stages of tree and ability to stand against various intensities wind are very lengthy that requires long time periodic studies.

Observation recording: Phenological events are typically quantified by observing the date of onset and the duration of particular phenophases, which include both vegetative and reproductive events like leaf shedding, leaf emergence, flowering and fruiting. To record the phenological events students should note down the emergence of leaf, flowering and fruiting at the interval of 15 days by vising the targeted tree species.

Observation recording: Phenological events are typically quantified by observing the date of onset and the duration of particular phenophases, which include both vegetative and reproductive events like leaf shedding, leaf emergence, flowering and fruiting. To record the phenological events students should note down the emergence of leaf, flowering and fruiting at the interval of 15 days by vising the targeted tree species.

Observation recording: For correct identification of any tropical tree species, it is necessary to observe the type of leaf, leaf arrangement, surface ornamentation of leaf and various types of margins. The type of leaf, margins and leaf arrangement can be seen without help of any lens whereas to observe the ornamentation a hand lens will be require.

Modern silvicultural tools involve in a paradigm shift from a highly manual to mechanize or digital data recording and tight operational control. Now a days many machines or digital tool are being used in silviculture like pitting machine, tree planter, Laser geo hypsometer, Satellite system etc.

Objective: To study the seed germination, pollination and dispersal type of various temperate tree species.

Observation recording: To record the observation on seed germination, Pollination and dispersal needs to conduct frequent field visits in different seasons for recording the various pollination and dispersing agents and conducting experiment on seed germination.

Objective: To study the morphological description and field identification characteristics of various temperate tree species.

Observation recording: For correct identification of any temperate tree species, it is necessary to observe the type of bark, type of leaf, leaf arrangement and surface of leaf. For easy understanding of the students some examples are given in table:

Q. 1 The development of a tube well should be started from :-
(A) Middle of screen      (B) Top of screen
(C) Bottom of screen     (D) Bottom of casing pipe

Abstract

Non-structural carbohydrates are the primary product of photosynthesis in plants. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and so on are examples of Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). These are free carbohydrates having a low molecular weight that are involved in the creation of structures. Plants’ principal photosynthetic product, the NSC, is involved in metabolic processes and plays a critical role in plant functional characteristics. In a recent laboratory inter-comparison, NSC concentration measurements had very minor uncertainty due to different extraction and quantification techniques. Different techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), Near Infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS), anion exchange chromatography, chemical approaches such as the Anthorn assay approach, and certain kits are used to detect NSC in plants. This review will cover the methods for measuring NSC in plant tissues and attempting to infer its dynamics, as well as how to apply these tools to go beyond simply monitoring plant carbon connections such as “how much NSC is there and where it is located” to “under what conditions and to what extent is NSC used” to support plant function.

Abstract

Wheat rusts, caused by Puccinia spp., are one of the major constraints for sustained wheat production. Significant progress has been achieved in the management of wheat rusts and understanding of wheat-Puccinia host-pathogen systems. The key research frontiers of wheat rusts research comprised disease epidemiology, the discovery of novel sources of resistance and their transfer into superior cultivars, pathogen surveillance for monitoring the virulence profiles of variants of rust pathogens, and the application of genomic technologies in cereal rust research. This chapter gives an overview of the research and development outcomes achieved to minimize the yield losses caused by wheat rusts during the last 90 years in the Indian subcontinent. Wheat rusts have been mainly controlled via genetic means; however, an integrated approach by combing the fungicides was carefully considered when needed. All efforts of managing wheat rusts in the future must cover the identification and transfer of genetically diverse rust-resistance sources with a reputation of durability into agronomically superior genotypes. The understanding of wheat rusts epidemiology globally and the region-specific virulence pattern of Puccinia spp. should be considered for gene deployment. The next-generation tools such as CRISPR-cas9 and other genome editing approaches are likely to be part of wheat rust management within a few decades.

Abstract

Global consumption of wheat during 2021/2022 marketing year reached to 787.4 million metric tons (https://www.statista.com/aboutus/our-researchcommitment/1239/m-shahbandeh). It shows about 4.4 million metric tons increase from the previous year. With the increase in population a significant increase in wheat production is needed to feed 9.7 billion mouths by 2050. A very limited effort can be directed to increase area under wheat production. Diseases and pests of wheat cause significant reduction (>30%) in production and 11-15% of total post-harvest losses of food grains were reported in India, which equates to about 20 million tonne (Basavaraja et al. 2007) and more than AUD10 million per year (Singh 2010). Thus, saving wheat from diseases can significantly contribute to the 2050 food security goal.