eChapters

Wastewater is defined as water that has been altered by certain substances, resulting in changes in its physical, chemical, or biological properties. These changes render it unfit for certain uses, such as the purpose of drinking. Since almost all of man’s daily activities are dependent on water, therefore ‘waste’ is discharged into the surroundings as a result of these actions. There are a number of substances that can be harmful to the environment and make people sick, including chemicals, detergents, household cleaners, dirt, microorganisms (germs), and body wastes. The water supply generates a great deal of wastewater, so it is essential that it is treated in order to reduce the amount of waste that it generates. Essentially, wastewater treatment ensures that a healthy environment is created and public health is protected by removing the majority of pollutants found in wastewater through the treatment process. Consequently, wastewater management plays an important role in protecting the planet, and public and economic health, as well as social, economic, and political stability.

The basic methods for wastewater sewerage (collection, treatment, and disposal) are as follows:

• Off-site sewerage
• Separate sewerage system
• Combined sewerage system
• On-site sewerage

Many nations have implemented separate sewage systems that transmit sewage and storm water through separate pipelines in order to separate the two. Storm water often does not contribute to a wastewater treatment facility (WWTP). Domestic sewage contains 99.9% or more water. The remaining portion is made up of bacteria

Industrial waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous in type and is generated by industrial activities throughout a manufacturing process. Depending on its nature, it can be hazardous or non-hazardous. It is important to note that hazardous wastes can be ignitable, toxic, reactive, corrosive, or radioactive and can pose a threat to the environment. Industrial waste includes, among other things, paints, concrete, paper goods, sandpaper, metals and chemical solvents. Most industries face a significant problem associated with the disposal of waste. Due to the significant expenses involved, it is not feasible to collect and treat all of the waste due to the sizeable volume of waste produced by numerous businesses. As a result, especially in developing nations, the majority of industrial wastes are illegally deposited on wastelands like deserted fields

Human breast cancer (HBC) is a common malady concomitant with a massive death rate throughout the world. It has been reported that around 1.7 million women are globally identified with breast neoplasia, and out of this, half a million female dies from this terrible disease (Torre et al., 2015). Due to the shocking impacts of breast cancer, prevention, and therapeutic interventions have become a priority-based objective for many researchers to understand the biology of breast cancer disease during its progression and development.

CMTs can be classified on the basis of morphologic features, tissue of origin (epithelial, myoepithelial or mesenchymal tissue) or prognosis. The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of canine and feline mammary tumors has categorized CMT into three major categories i) malignant, ii) benign and iii) unclassified tumors. On the basis of histological characteristics, the mammary tumors have been classified into fibroadenomas, adenomas, solid carcinomas (with transformed epithelial cells), tubular adenocarcinomas (with tubule like arrangements), papillary adenocarcinomas (having papillary like projections), anaplastic carcinomas (with highly pleomorphic cells), sarcomas (involvement of connective tissue) and malignant tumors (Fig. 2). Fibroadenomas and adenomas are the types of benign mammary tumors the former contains some connective tissues component in between, and carcinomas, adenocarcinomas and sarcomas come under malignant tumors.

Mammary tumors are either of benign or malignant types. Benign tumors are defined as mass or lump of cells unable to invade the neighboring tissue/ organ and less likely to re-grow after removal. However, malignant tumors are the tumors which have the ability to invade other tissues/ organs and tend to re-grow even after surgical removal. Malignant tumors grow at faster rate as compared to benign tumors. Nearly, 40-50% of canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are malignant.

Canine domestication is an age-old practice which started with guard for humans and other animals, dogs being the favorite companion animals. They have many positive social effects on lives of their owners including enhanced emotional sense and companionship and even reduction of anxiety and mental disorders. Though dogs have proven good for human health, it should be kept in mind that are prone to many disorders and infectious diseases. Healthy life of dogs is attributed to healthy lifestyle, good feeding practices and regular medical care. In addition, an equally important practice is vaccination. Since dogs live in close proximity to human beings and their environment, regular check on their immunity becomes essential, especially when kept as indoor pets. Their illnesses vary from minor issues like dental tartar to fatal diseases like tumors and rabies. Depending upon lifestyle patterns and subsequent body parameters, many predisposing factors increases the susceptibility of dogs to various diseases.

An Entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a business is known as entrepreneurship. An Entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services and business procedures. Entrepreneurship plays a key role in any economy by using the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate needs and bringing good new ideas to market.

The term “entrepreneur” was coined in America in the late 70’s. A few executives of major corporations in the United States left their jobs to start their own small businesses because the top executives in these companies were not accepting new ideas. Managers who have become entrepreneurs find amazing success in their new businesses. Some of them were dangerous to companies they left a few years ago. This type of businessman came to be known as entrepreneurs. Such a brain drain is a global phenomenon and is not limited to the United States. Industrialists around the world began designing routes and suspending the flight of their most prominent officers. In 1976 Norman Macras wrote to the London Economist that large successful companies should become ‘business partners’’.

An entrepreneur has a wide range of options regarding his or her project in various fields such as product / service, market, technology, equipment, production scale, time division and location. Therefore, the identification of investment opportunities (projects) requires an understanding of one’s work environment, potential investment sensitivity, a hypothetical analysis of various factors and the probability of luck. This chapter deals with the evaluation and evaluation of project ideas, the steps of the project identification process and the consideration of involvement in the identification of new projects by an existing company.

Entrepreneurial climate depends on the existing economic system. Existing social and political establishment and existing economic policies of Government determine the economic system. Entrepreneurial development is largely due to the existence of this economic system. Business development functioning as a new component, economic structure and economic transformation. The economic system varies from country to country, so the business development process varies.

Entrepreneurship means all the activities that a person has to do to start and run businesses in line with social, political and economic changes. Businesses include activities related to consumer likes and dislikes, feelings and behaviors, likes and dislikes and the introduction of business plans to meet all of consumer expectations. Entrepreneurship is seen as a ‘new product’ that will enable entrepreneurs to develop a new type of business organization and new business activities that address the changing needs of the community. 

1. Leading cut flower exporter in the world is Netherlands.
2. Concept of lawn was developed in England.
3. In which garden, arrangement of rocks is main feature Japanese garden.
4. Shrubs or trees planted at regular intervals on boundry for fencing Hedges.
5. The green carpet for the landscape maintained by growing and mowing grasses. Lawn.
6. Thorny fencing plant used as a hedge Inga dulcus.

1. Who was the first Entomologist to the Government of India? Lionel de Niceville.
2. Who succeeded Lefroy and devoted his attention mainly to insect taxonomy and built up an excellent library and a valuable insect collection? T.B. Fletcher.
3. When was the Zoological Survey of India started in the Indian Museum at Calcutta? 1916.
4. Who was the first Plant Protection Adviser to Government of India? Dr. Hem Singh Pruthi.

1.The fine earth covering land surface acts as a reservoir of nutrients and water Soil.
2.The word ‘Soil’ is derived from Latin.
3. Study of origin, classification, morphology of soil is known as Pedology.
4. The study of soils in relation to crop growth Edaphology.
5. The father of Soil Science Dokuchalev.

1.Agronomy is derived from Greek word.
2.Indigenous plough cuts ‘V-shape furrow’.
3.Indigenous plough is a primary tillage implement.
4.The ploughing depth of chisel plough is 60-70 cm.
5.Hoe is an example of secondary tillage implement.
6.Tillage improves soil aeration.

1. Father of agronomy is -Peter Decresenzi.
2. Dr. Biwant Rajis the founder of Relay cropping.
3. The Indian Institute of Farming System Research is located at - Modipuram, Meerut, U.P.
4. Scientific study of mixed cropping was firstly done by -La-Flitze (1928).
5. Relay cropping concept was derived from -Relay race.
6. Natural Resource Management is an example of Sustainable Agriculture.
7. Cropping System is a component of -Farming System.

Introduction

Due to inherent composition (high moisture and nutrients) of meat, it is highly perishable in nature. Hence, preservation of meat is essential to maintain its fresh quality. This is accomplished by various preservative techniques based on the principles of temperature control, moisture control and direct microbial inhibition.

Temperature Control

1. Chilling/Refrigeration

In this method, meat is stored at refrigeration temperature of 2 to 5°C. Chilling of animal carcasses is also carried out during ageing process, cutting transit, retail display and even in consumer household before ultimate use. Relative humidity during chilling is kept about 90%. The fresh meat has shelf life of 5-7 days at refrigerated temperature

Introduction

Resazurin has high tinctorial value (related to colour), imparting characteristic blue colour. Resazurin test gives us indirect information concerning bacterial content and /or activity. Resazurin is also sensitive to the reducing action of leucocytes. The results of this test are comparatively less affected by antibiotic residues in milk than methylene blue reduction test.

Principle

Reduction of dye is indicated by a gradual colour change through various shades of purple and mauve to full pink, at which point the resazurin completely changes to resorufin.

Introduction

Dye reduction tests show the comparative activity of the bacteria in milk, therefore are considered as rough indicator of the number of bacteria per millilitre of milk. These tests find wide application in dairy industry especially in grading of milk for manufacturing purposes. The small amount of equipment, materials and simplicity of method permit simultaneous testing of several samples. Since it combines speed and adaptability, this test may be used in milk plants, receiving stations, condensing plants, cheese factories and similar establishments to rapidly grade incoming milk.

Principle

It is based on the observation that the colour imparted to milk by a small amount of methylene blue disappears in a time, the length of which is dependant largely upon the number of microorganisms