eChapters

I. General information

1. Lalbagh garden is located at Bangalore
2. Founder of Lalbagh garden is Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan
3. Total area of Lalbagh garden is 50 hectares and developed during 1760
4. Brindavan garden is located at Mysore
5. Government botanic garden, Ooty was established during 1848
6. Total area of Ooty botanic garden is 20 hectares

1. Achabal Garden, Anantnag, J&K

Also known as “The Place of the Princes”.

It was the work of Noor Jahan and built in 1620.

It was known for its gushing water.

The design was an adaptation of the traditional Persian Char Bagh.

It has three terraces with central water stream which is largest spring in Kashmir.

There are two walkways on either side of the stream.

It has varieties of fruit trees and surrounded by trees of Cheenar.

    1.    Wohler (1828) synthesized the first organic compound, urea from inorganic components.

    2.    Emil Fischer (1894) demonstrated the specificity of enzymes and the lock and key relationship between enzyme and substrate.

    3.    Michaelis and Menten (1913) developed kinetic theory of enzyme action

    4.    Watson and Crick (1953) Proposed the double-helical model for DNA structure

    5.    Ingo potrykus (1999) Golden rice- rich in b-carotene.

    6.    Glyoxysomes : Glyoxysomes are temporary in that they occur during transient periods in the life cycle of a plant such as in certain beans and nuts which store fats in their seeds as energy reserves. Glyoxysomes appear in the first few days after seed germination in endosperm cells and associate closely with lipid bodies. They disappear after the storage fats are broken down and converted into carbohydrate.

Animal husbandry is an integral component of Indian agriculture supporting livelihood of more than two-third of the rural population. The livestock sector plays a significant role in supplementing family incomes and generating gainful employment in the rural sector, besides providing cheap nutritional food to millions of people. Livestock provides milk, egg, meat as nutritious food, draught power for agriculture, wool, fibre, manure and domestic fuel, hides & skin. In 2010-11, this sector contributed 121.84 million tonnes of milk, 63.02 billion eggs, 42.99 million kg wool, and 4.83 million tonnes of meat. Milk is the main output of livestock sector accounting around two third (67%) of the total output by livestock sector. Meat and egg share 17.5% and 3.6% of the value of livestock output. Livestock contributed 4% to the total GDP and 26% to the agricultural GDP in 2010-11. Livestock are the best insurance against the vagaries of nature like drought, famine and other natural calamities.

1.1. Farm business management

Concerned with resource allocation.

Useful to impart knowledge and skill for optimizing the resource use and maximizing profit.

Farm electricity refers to the electrical systems and infrastructure used in agricultural operations to power various equipment, machinery, and facilities. The electrification of farms has become essential for modern agriculture, enhancing efficiency, productivity, and the overall management of farming operations. Description about the farm electricity:

Components of Farm Electricity

Power Supply: Farms are typically connected to the electrical grid, providing a reliable power supply. In some remote areas, farms may rely on off-grid solutions, such as diesel generators, solar panels, or wind turbines.

Power Distribution: Electricity is distributed across the farm through a network of power lines, transformers, and distribution panels. The distribution system ensures that power is delivered to various farm structures and equipment.

6.1 Hal for Land Preparation: This plough is constructed from Babool, sal, sisham wood, and mild steel. The body and handle are made from one piece, with a separate shoe. It is operated by one pair of bullocks with a yoke, weighs 48 lbs, and can cover 0.8 to 1 acre per day. It works to an average depth and width of 5 and 6 inches in alluvial soils, with a draught requirement of 185 lbs. It is used by 100% of the farming community in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. (ICAR, 1960)

6.2 Wetland Plough (Dammu Nagali) for Land Preparation: This plough is made from Babool, palmyra, and mild steel, weighing 30-40 kg. Operated by two bullocks and one man, it is attached to the yoke with ropes for puddling rice fields, covering half an acre per day. It has a draught of 200-220 kg and ploughs to a depth of 4-5 inches and width of 5-6 inches in black and red soils. Repairable locally, its annual maintenance costs range from Rs 0.5 to 1.0, with an operational cost of Rs 25 per hectare. It is widely used in the coastal belt of Andhra Pradesh (Guntur and West Godavari). (ICAR, 1960).

8.1. Comparative advantage principle

Different areas or regions or farmers will tend to produce those products for which they have greatest comparative and not just absolute advantage.

Due to an extension and application of principles of specialization and diversification.

Each farm or region produces those crops or raises that livestock which it can grow more profitably

For example, farmers in Tamil Nadu specialize in sugarcane cultivation and those in Punjab specialize in paddy cultivation.

Farm machinery is a range of mechanical implements used in agriculture production from land preparation to harvesting and processing the produce. It includes various ploughs, tractors, broadcaster, harvester and post harvest processing machineries. The purpose of using machines in agriculture production is to handle the mass production, improve the efficiency and to save the labour costs. The types of implements used in fodder production are tillage, sowing, intercultural, plant protection and harvesting equipments.

1.1 Some Useful Formulas Related to Farm Machinery

25.1 Introduction

Farmers must be able to take appropriate decisions at appropriate time. Incorrect judgement and decisions will return in failure of execution of farm plan and in turn economic loss. The farm management decisions can be broadly categorised into two ways.

19.1 Introduction

The farm management comprises of two words: ‘farm’ and ‘management’. Literally ‘farm’ means a piece of land where crops and livestock enterprises are taken up under a common management and has a specific boundaries. ‘Management’ means the act or art of managing, the agricultural production or enterprises etc.

1. Introduction

The status of mechanization in India is at a very low level for horticultural crops. The farmers usually go behind the use of traditional methods for different farm operations (Fig 1) and practices for cultivation of horticultural crops, their handling, storage, and processing. This results in less yields, high cost of cultivation and high crop losses from harvesting till processing. The use of different available hand tools, machinery and hi-tech technologies in the production and processing of the crops will lead to increased yields and decrease in losses to a great extent (Mandhar, 1999).

Farm mechanization plays a crucial role in the evolution and efficiency of f loriculture, the cultivation of flowers and ornamental plants for gardens and f loristry. The introduction of advanced machinery in floriculture enhances productivity, reduces labor costs and ensures the consistency and quality of f loral products. Mechanization encompasses various stages of the floriculture process, including soil preparation, planting, irrigation, pest control, harvesting and post-harvest handling. Equipment such as automated seeders, transplanters greenhouse climate control systems, drip irrigation setups and harvesting machines streamline operations, leading to higher yields and reduced manual labor. Moreover, mechanized techniques facilitate precision farming, enabling growers to optimize resource use and minimize environmental impact. The use of drones and sensor technologies allows for meticulous monitoring of crop health, ensuring timely intervention and reducing losses due to pests and diseases. By incorporating mechanization, floriculture can meet the increasing global demand for flowers and ornamental plants while adhering to sustainable agricultural practices. Additionally, the adoption of mechanized processes supports the scalability of floriculture businesses, making them more competitive in the market. Thus, farm mechanization is instrumental in transforming floriculture into a more efficient, sustainable and profitable sector, aligning with modern agricultural trends and consumer expectations.

Introduction
Farm mechanization represents a pivotal shift in agricultural practices, marking the transition from traditional, labor-intensive methods to modern, technologydriven farming systems. This chapter explores the various dimensions of farm mechanization, highlighting its critical role in enhancing agricultural productivity, ensuring food security, and addressing the challenges of global warming. The chapter begins by examinin65g the different types of agricultural machinery and equipment used in modern farming. This includes tractors, plows, harvesters, seeders, and other essential tools that have revolutionized the way crops are cultivated, harvested, and processed. The mechanization of these processes has significantly increased efficiency, reduced labor costs, and improved the overall productivity of agricultural systems. Precision farming and remote sensing are discussed as integral components of modern farm mechanization. These technologies enable farmers to optimize the use of resources such as water, fertilizers, and pesticides, thereby increasing yields while minimizing environmental impacts. Key components of precision farming, such as GPS-guided machinery, soil sensors, and aerial imaging, are explored in detail, along with their applications and benefits. The chapter also delves into machinery management and maintenance, emphasizing the importance of regular upkeep and proper management of farm equipment. Effective machinery management ensures the longevity and reliability of agricultural machinery, reduces downtime, and lowers operating costs, all of which contribute to more sustainable and profitable farming practices. Farm mechanization is highlighted as a crucial factor in enhancing food security. By increasing the efficiency and scalability of food production, mechanization plays a vital role in meeting the growing global demand for food. The chapter discusses how mechanization extends growing seasons, improves crop quality, and diversifies crop choices, thereby contributing to a more stable and resilient food supply. The impact of farm mechanization on global warming is also a key focus of this chapter. While mechanization has led to increased productivity, it has also contributed to greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental challenges. The chapter explores strategies for mitigating these impacts, including the adoption