eChapters

Introduction India is a country of festivals and celebrations. Indian sweets enjoy a legendary reputation across the world. India is home to a number of delicious sweets that play a vital role in every Indian celebration. While gulab jamuns, rasgullas and kaju katlis may be the most popular sweets in the country (Pal Sanchari, 2016). Functions and events in India are celebrated with intake of sweets. Also, it is customary to sweeten the mouth in social gathering like marriage, birthday, poojas, etc. (Gulati and Misra, 2014). In the past few years, guidelines are formulated based on analyses of all published scientific studies on the consumption of sugars. In view of the rising prevalence of overweight, obesity and related disorders globally, in 2002, the WHO recommended that sugar should be less than 10 percent of daily calories. The consensus dietary guidelines for Indians in 2011 recommend less than 10% of total calories from free sugars per day. In May 2014, the expert panel of WHO recently recommended decreasing sugar intake to 5% of total calorie intake to combat obesity. A high intake of added sugars is a primary risk factor for diabetes. It is these added sugars in sweets that makes them palatable, but also does the physical damage. (Willet Brian, 2011). People have developed taste towards food in which fat and sugar contents are high.

There are several types of features and structures of the gardens. The design, material and placement varies from one type of garden to others. However, there are some basic requirements in every type of gardens. Common features and structures of the gardens are described hereunder for providing some basic information.

Boundary

Material and construction of the outer boundary is to be considered depending upon the size and type of garden. Protection, permanency and cost of construction are the main factors. It should be well designed and an architectural show piece co-relating with type and design of the garden. Ornamental creepers are planted along the boundary wall and trained over the same for further beautification purpose.

Healthcare organizations require collaborative learning methods that protect sensitive patient information. This chapter introduces federated learning as a framework for training models across decentralized institutions without transferring raw clinical data. Horizontal, vertical and hybrid federated architectures are examined alongside communication protocols, threat models and security requirements. Privacy-enhancing methods—including differential privacy, secure aggregation, cryptographic techniques and trusted execution environments—are discussed. Applications in medical imaging, electronic health-record analysis, wearable devices and remote patient monitoring demonstrate the framework’s practical value. The chapter also evaluates accuracy, privacy, communication cost, scalability and robustness while addressing data heterogeneity, fairness, explainability, legal compliance and ethical challenges in collaborative healthcare analytics.

A. Answer the following?

1.    How antibiotic increases nutrient absorption from the gut?

Ans: In antibiotic fed animals, the intestine becomes thinner and healthier, thus they helps in more absorption of nutrient.

2.    What is probiotic?

Ans: Probioticcan be defined asthe live microbial food supplement that beneficially affects the host animal by improving the intestinalmicrobial balance.

3.    What is prebiotic?

Ans: These are the compound other than dietary nutrients that modifythe balance of microbial populationbypromoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and thereby maintain healthier intestinal environments.

4.    What is eubiotics?

Ans: Eubiotics are defined as non-antibiotic products maintaining the desiredbalance of good bacteriaand pathogens or eubiosis in the digestive tract. e.g. direct acting gut flora modulator (organic acid, essential oil), probiotics, prebiotics, immune modulator.

5.    What is supplement?

Feed processing includes all operations necessary to achieve the maximum potential of nutritional value of a feed stuff. The process involves changing ingredients in such a manner as to maximize their natural value and the net returns from their use. Feed processing may be accompanied by Physical, Chemical, Thermal, Bacterial or other changes of a feed ingredient before it is fed. The primary reasons for processing feeds are to make changes in the moisture content, density of feed, particle size, palatability; or to make more profit, to improve nutrient availability, keeping quality (shelf – life); or to reduce storage – transportation space, cost, moulds, Salmonella and other harmful substances. Feed mill equipment: The milling industry has been concerned with “Grinding” – a process of particle size reduction. During
earlier times, the same equipment was used Food for humans to produce Food for livestock because, the process was basically ‘grinding’ of whole grains. As milling developed into the “Modern Flour Industry”, the milling process was extended to include:

The proper supply of feed and fodder is a requirement for the growth and development of the animals. Over the past few decades, there has been a considerable growth in milk production, with India now producing the most milk in the world (187.7 million tones in 2018–19). The main causes of India’s low milk yield are extrinsic (poor nutrition/feed management) as well as intrinsic (low genetic potential).

Current status of feed and fodder availability in India Globally India ranks 1st in terms of total livestock (535.78 million) and buffalo population in the world (109.85 million), 2nd in cattle (192.49 million), goat (148.88 million) and 3rd in sheep population. So, the availability of adequate quantity and quality feed and fodder resources for livestock is essential for improving livestock productivity. Grazing lands and fodder cultivation areas are gradually dwindling either due to degradation or restriction for livestock grazing. Total area under fodder cultivation is around 8.4 mha (5.23%) which is almost static for the past two decades. Even though feed and fodder availability has improved in the last decade still gap exists with demand and availability of fodder during lean periods and abnormal weather conditions like droughts/floods. At present, India faces a net deficit of 35.6% green fodder (GF), 10.95% dry crop residues and 44% concentrate feeds. In India, open forest cover is around 29 million hectares (mha), which can be further utilized for growing fodder trees without affecting standing trees, mostly as an under- storey on the partially shaded ground Area under fodder production Sorghum (2.6 M ha) and Egyptian clover (1.9 M ha) account for roughly 54% of the total cultivated fodder area in the kharif and

1. Introduction
Feed formulation for carnivorous fish species is a pivotal aspect of aquaculture that significantly impacts growth performance, health, and the sustainability of production systems. As the global demand for seafood continues to rise, driven by population growth and changing dietary preferences, optimizing feed formulations becomes increasingly essential for aquaculture operators. Efficient feed formulations are crucial not only for enhancing fish growth rates and feed conversion efficiency but also for ensuring the economic viability of fish farming operations.
Carnivorous fish species, such as salmon, trout, tilapia, and catfish, have specific nutritional requirements that must be met to achieve optimal performance. These requirements typically include high-quality protein sources, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. The formulation of diets that adequately supply these nutrients while minimizing costs is a complex challenge that aquaculture practitioners face. Traditional feed ingredients, including fishmeal and fish oil, are often expensive and subject to supply fluctuations, prompting a need for innovative alternatives that can provide similar nutritional profiles at a lower cost.
This chapter delves into the intricacies of feed formulation for carnivorous fish species. It begins by outlining the nutritional requirements specific to these fish, emphasizing the importance of protein and fatty acid sources. The chapter then discusses various feed ingredients, both traditional and alternative, that can be used to formulate cost-effective diets without compromising fish health and performance. Additionally, it addresses the challenges associated with formulating diets for carnivorous species, including ingredient variability, palatability, and the potential for anti-nutritional factors.

The nutritional value and overall effectiveness of fish feed are heavily influenced by the selection and proportion of ingredients and additives included in its formulation. Ingredients provide the fundamental nutrients—proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals—while additives are used to improve digestion, flavor, immune support, and feed stability. A sound knowledge of these components is essential for developing economical and nutritionally balanced feeds tailored to different fish species and farming systems. Proteins are the primary building blocks in fish feed, necessary for muscle development, enzymatic functions, and growth. Fishmeal has long been regarded as the most effective protein source due to its excellent amino acid composition and digestibility. However, concerns around cost and sustainability have encouraged the use of plant-based alternatives such as soybean meal, groundnut cake, mustard oil cake, cottonseed meal, and insect-derived

In natural farming-based aquaculture, feed management emphasizes sustainable practices that utilize naturally occurring food sources along with lowcost supplements. This method reduces dependency on commercial feeds and chemical inputs, aligning with eco-friendly farming principles and supporting aquatic biodiversity. Fish raised in natural farming systems primarily feed on natural organisms such as plankton, algae, and detritus. These develop in ponds fertilized with organic inputs like cow dung and compost, which help create a self-sustaining aquatic ecosystem. Fish thrive by feeding through the natural food chain, minimizing the need for external inputs.
Supplementary feeding includes locally sourced plant materials such as azolla, duckweed, water hyacinth, and aquatic weeds that are rich in nutrients. Farmers also use kitchen waste, crop residues, and agricultural byproducts like rice bran and wheat bran to enhance nutritional value.
Fermented feed mixtures—made using bran, cow urine, and microbial solutions—are applied to improve digestion and nutrient uptake. These probiotic feeds support fish health and improve immunity without resorting to synthetic additives. Regular pond maintenance, including partial water renewal and organic fertilization, supports the continuous generation of natural feed organisms. This ensures a balanced and productive environment for fish rearing.
Adopting such natural feed strategies leads to healthier fish, reduced environmental impact, and lower input costs. It also complements integrated farming systems, contributing to farm sustainability and diversified income opportunities.

Goats and sheep play a vital role in natural farming systems due to their adaptability, efficient utilization of feed, and importance in sustaining rural livelihoods. Proper feed management is key to ensuring their health, reproductive success, and overall productivity, all while reducing reliance on external inputs. In natural farming, the diet of goats and sheep mainly consists of locally available grasses, shrubs, tree foliage, crop residues, and forage legumes. Fodder trees such as subabul, moringa, ber, and neem serve as valuable sources of protein and micronutrients. To address seasonal shortages, farmers establish fodder reserves and adopt agroforestry systems that combine tree planting with crop cultivation.
Goats, being browsers, thrive on a wide variety of vegetation including tough shrubs and woody plants, many of which contain medicinal secondary compounds. Sheep, on the other hand, prefer grazing on grasses and herbs, making careful pasture management essential to prevent nutrient deficiencies.
Locally sourced feed supplements like oilseed cakes, pulses, and leftover kitchen food help improve protein and energy intake. Mineral blocks enriched with salt, calcium, phosphorus, and trace minerals aid in proper skeletal development and reproductive health.

Feed plays a vital role not only in growth but it also enhances the market value of ornamental fish. In natural waters, fish has access to a variety of natural food items, but their overall wellbeing depends upon the availability of their favorite food. However, in a confined system, nutritionally balanced supplementary feed is indispensable due to limitation on availability of natural live fish food organisms. In general, ornamental fish are fed with a variety of commercially available pelleted feeds, imported from countries like Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea and Thailand etc. Although they are very popular among ornamental fish hobbyists, the high cost of these feeds is not economical for commercial-scale application at farmer’s level. Further, in contrast to food fish in a pond, feeding ornamental fish in smaller culture units need high precision. Therefore, it is essential for an ornamental fish producer to possess technical know-how regarding nutritional requirements and feeding behaviour of different species in order to formulate farm-made feeds by using locally available low- cost ingredients.

Formulation of low cost and nutritionally balanced supplementary feed, using locally available ingredients, is the key to the success of ornamental fish culture in India. To reduce the cost of feed and make the ornamental fish production venture more profitable, the feed can be prepared at farm by using cost-effective and locally available quality ingredients (plant/animal-based).

Identification and selection of the feed ingredients are essential and it should be according to the fish species to be cultured. A number of feed ingredients may be locally available which can be used for feed formulation. Fish culturists have to identify and choose the best ingredients, depending upon its easy availability, nutrient status and cost, keeping in mind the nutritional requirement of ornamental fish (size, feeding habits, etc.) to be cultured.

We visited the CPF (Thailand Public Company limited) in Samutsakorn on 12/ 10/23 at 1:30 pm. The purpose of the visit was to know about the feed ingredients and production process.

1) Overview

Product like shrimp feed and fish feed are prepared by the company. Company was spread in 61 Rai( 24 acre) area. 400 employees are working in the company.Working hours is 3 shift / day and working days – 6 days / week.Shrimp feed unit have the capacity of 13,000 T/M and actual production was 7000 T/M. 8 line pellet machine was used for this purpose. Fish and frog feed unit have capacity of 11,000 T/M and actual production 7000 T/M. 6 line extruder machine was used.

Feed processing is an essential phase in aquafeed production that converts raw ingredients into uniform, digestible, and nutritionally appropriate feed for various aquatic species. Effective processing enhances digestibility, palatability, shelf life, and ensures consistency in size, moisture, density (floating or sinking), and texture. With growing demand for quality and cost-effective fish feed, technological advancements have refined various processing methods. The typical feed processing sequence includes grinding, mixing, conditioning, pelleting or extrusion, cooling, drying, and coating, each crucial to the final product’s quality: • Grinding: This initial step reduces ingredients like grains, oil cakes, and fishmeal to fine particles. Finer grinds boost nutrient availability and improve blending. Equipment like hammer mills or pulverizers is used, with particle size tailored to species and growth stage (e.g., finer for fry, coarser for growout). • Mixing: Uniform nutrient distribution is achieved through proper mixing using vertical or horizontal

In natural farming systems, maintaining high-quality livestock feed is essential for safeguarding animal health, sustaining productivity, and ensuring food safety. Since these systems prioritize the use of non-chemical, farm-sourced inputs, the responsibility for ensuring feed quality lies directly with the farmer rather than industrial monitoring systems. High-quality feed should be fresh, nutritionally adequate, contaminant-free, and palatable to animals. A visual inspection is typically the first method of assessment—looking for signs like mold, discoloration, unusual odors, or insect presence. Green fodder should retain its vibrant color and characteristic smell, while dry fodder and grains must be crisp,clean, and free from fungal growth. Poor-quality or improperly stored feed can compromise animal health, leading to digestive problems or weakened immunity.
In natural feed management, monitoring animal responses offers crucial insights into feed effectiveness. Changes in appetite, body weight, milk output, behavior, or stool consistency often reflect the nutritional adequacy of the feed. Healthy signs such as glossy coats, bright eyes, and alertness signal good nutrition, while reduced performance or dull appearance may suggest deficiencies. Simple on-farm tests—such as floating grains in water or checking silage by smell—can serve as practical, low-cost quality checks in the absence of lab facilities.

Introduction

The Indian poultry industry has emerged as the most dynamic and fastest expanding segment in animal husbandry sector with an annual growth rate of 23% in broiler chickens and 5% in egg production. The production performance of birds in terms of meat and egg has also improved significantly; however, the sector has crippled many times due to various reasons among which the important ones were rising feed cost, non-availability og feed ingredients, fluctuating market price of produce (eggs and broilers) and emergence of new or re-emerging of existing diseases. In future, poultry industry may face more such challenges.

When we talk about importance of feed technology in relation to animal productivity, feed represents the major cost in animal production as follows -
Feed processing includes all operations necessary to achieve the maximum potential of nutritional value of a feed stuff. The process involves changing ingredients in such a manner as to maximize their natural value and the net returns from their use. Feed processing may be accomplished by Physical, Chemical, Thermal, Bacterial or other changes of a feed ingredient before it is fed. The primary reasons for processing feeds are to make changes in the moisture content, density of feed, particle size, palatability; or to make more profit, to improve nutrient availability, keeping quality; or to reduce storage -transportation space, cost, moulds, salmonella and other harmful substances. Detoxification of undesirable components because some feeds may contain toxic substances, theexcess consumption of whichmaycausedecreased nutritive value of the feeds or may injure some vital organs or even cause death. Some natural inhibitors in feedstuffs are as following :

Definition

• If a communication source decodes the message that he encodes, if the message is put back to his system, we have a feedback - Berlo (1960)

• Feedback is defined as the action reaction interdependence in communication.

• The return to the input of a part of the output is the feedback.

• Feedback is the reaction on the part of the receiver to a sender's communication.

Feedback or response of the audience is the ultimate objective of any communication process or function. Response of an audience to message received may be in the form of some kind of physical or mental action. Until the desired action results, extension communication does not achieve its most essential objectives. The response of the audience (whether in the form of action or reaction) can be used by a communicator as a check of his own effectiveness and a guide to his own future action. When a source receives feedback, that is rewarding, he continues to produce the same kind of message. When he gets non-rewarding feedback, he eventually will change his message. Schramn (1955) points out that each person in the communication process is both an encoder and decoder. He receive and transmits. However, a person will decode a message and interpret it in accordance with his own experience.• Feedback means carrying out significant responses of the audience back to the communicator.

7.1 Introduction

The current atmospheric CO₂ concentration is the highest during last 650,000 to 800,000 years (Luthi et al., 2008), and also probably in the last 20 million years (Pearson and Palmer, 2000). Since last two decades, it is increasing at a rate of about 2 ppm/yr with the current concentration of 389 ppm in 2010 (WMO, 2011). The current trend of energy use based on fossil fuel consumption may raise it to 900 - 1100 ppmby the end of 21^st century (Kiehl, 2011).

In the rabbit production industry, providing a healthy diet and adequate amount of food every day is crucial for success. Rabbits can only survive and thrive on a diet of forage, so it is important to carefully consider their nutritional needs when planning their feeding regimen.

Some rabbit producers choose to provide basic grains in addition to forages in order to increase the potential productivity of their herd. These grains can be sourced from one's own farm or purchased commercially as concentrated feeds. The type of feed given to rabbits will greatly impact the management of the herd, such as how frequently they need to be rebred.