eChapters

1. Farm is complex structure comprising living and non-living things.

2. The engineering components and structures aqua farm. basic necessities of an

3. Ponds, Water transportation systems - primary structures of an aqua farm.

4. Machineries, builtin structures and other peripheral accessories secondary structuresof an aqua farm.

5. Secondary structures may vary from one pond to another pond based on the

a. Type of culture

b. Method followed

c. Economic status of the farmer.

6. Site selection - Pre-requisites of a successful aquaculture farm.

7. Soil bottom must be impervious to prevent excessive seepage.

8. Fine textured soils - a high clay content.

9. Embankment ponds are also called as Hill/ Water shed ponds.

10. Excavated ponds are principally used for the commercial fish and shrimp production.

1. Luther Gullick denoted the functional elements of the administration POSDCORB.

2. CIFNET Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical Engineering and Training. It was started in 1963. The head quarters situated in cochin.

3. CIFNET have two units one Chennai, another one Visag.

4. IFP-integrated fishery project was started in 1952.

5. During 2008 the FPT was renamed as NIFPHTT. It has situated in cochin.

6. FSI-fishery survey of India. It has head quarter in Mumbai.

7. CICEF-Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishery. It is situated in Bangalore.

8. CICEF was renamed in 1983 as PISFH-pre investment of fishing harbor

9. NFDB-national fisheries development board.established in 2006. It has head quarters in Hyderabad.

10. CAA-coastal aquaculture authority established in 2005. It has head quarter in Chennai.

11. Coastal zone regulation notification - 1991.

1. The word Extension was first used in U.S.A.

2. The word Extension is derived from Latin meaning out stretching.

3. Extension education = non formal education.

4. Extension work out of school system of education.

5. Learning active process on the part of the learner.

6. Motivation need satisfy goal-seeking behaviour.

7. Steps in extension teaching methods = AIDCAS.

8. Teaching is the process of providing situations in which learning takes place.

9. Learning is the process by which a person becomes changes in his behaviour through self-activity.

10. Lecture is the best method for presenting information to large number of persons in a short period of time.

1. Biotechnology arises from the field of Zymotechnology.

2. The word Biotechnology was coined by Karl ereky in 1919.

3. OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1981).

4. National Biotechnology Board - 1982 by GOI.

5. ICGEB International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Bio-technology (1988).

6. Cohen & Boyer - Recombinant DNA technology (1973).

7. Restriction enzymes are called as Molecular scissors.

8. Frederick Sanger - DNA Sequencing techniques.

9. Modified red glow zebra fish came on to the market in 2004.

10. Tissue culture Osowski 1914.

11. The term molecular biology was used by Warren weaver.

Introduction

S tates/organizations/agencies with statuary powers constitute Legislation, which are directly or indirectly related to their basic needs, smooth functioning of targeted system and to facilitate the safe survival of present as well as future generations of human being under jurisdiction. Legislation is a Latin word and customary that include all law constituted or in the process of constitution by empowered statuary houses/persons/group of people. Such Law has been categorized as Bill, Act, Rules and Regulations etc. Policy is a multipurpose dynamic tool, which activates different levels of administrative mechanism to perform various assignments systematically according to legislation systems. It includes collection of important information and statistics along with usefulness and validity of prevailing system of law. It brings required changes based on authentic and evaluated proper information. Legislation and policy and appropriate administrative mechanism are linked to each other in circular sequence.

Constitution of legal documents and its success is totally linked with administrative mechanism presumed to implement it. Basically administrative mechanism for implementation of legislation and policy is the responsibility of state/government. To devise a good administrative mechanism to implement legislation successfully, is a complicated, dynamic and multidimensional process system which ensure the balance functioning of the different components with automatic feedback of the targeted output and effectiveness of the legislation system in place.

1. A good market always serves to safeguard the interest of the trader and the consumer.

2. The core fish marketing system is classified the three types as market penetration, market development and products development.

3. College of Mangalore developed technology for fish sausages.

4. CIFE Mumbai developed technology to manufacture fish wafers.

5. Mandala committee - Gujarat.

6. Aratdars is commonly called as Commission agent.

7. Selling is also done by contract method.

8. Concentric diversification the products have technological and marketing synergies with the existing fish commodity sale.

9. Horizontal diversification-adding new product to the present products.

10. Conglomerate diversification-it is a firm seeking add new commodities to new classes of customers because this will set some of the deficiencies of old products.

1. Project monitoring is an integral part of project management.

2. Concurrent evaluation is carried out during implementation of the project.

3. Terminal evaluation is undertaken at the time of completion of the project.

4. Ex-post evaluation is also called as impact evaluation.

5. Network techniques are used for minimising cost and time of the project.

6. PERT-Program Evaluation and Review Technique.

7. LOT-Latest Occurrence Time.

8. CPM-Critical Path Method.

9. Project presentation - 30 pages.

10. National level project goal of economic growth.

Introduction

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), fish and fishery products accounts for 17% of the global human consumption of animal protein. Per capita food fish supply has grown to 18.4kg per person, an 8% rise since 2006. Approximately 54% of the seafood protein supply for human consumption comes from wild catch; unfortunately about 30% of the world’s wild-capture fisheries are overexploited and many fisheries are in bad shape and getting worse. Solving this problem will require innovative monitoring and management tools, but we can provide tremendous benefits if we act now to reverse our course. Taking a serious, in-depth look at fisheries could help feed the world’s growing population, and conserve marine species. Humanity is reaching farther and deeper into the oceans and, until recently, there were only anecdotes and guesses about the complete effects of our actions. Recent reports show that some fisheries are being managed sustainably and good progress is being made in reducing exploitation rates and restoring overexploited fish stocks and marine ecosystems.

Sustainable fisheries management is an integrated process that seeks to attain an optimal state that balances ecological, economic, social and cultural objectives for fisheries. It involves information gathering, analysis, planning, consultation, decision-making, allocation of resources and formulation and implementation, with enforcement as necessary, which govern fisheries activities to ensure the above mentioned fisheries objectives. A thorough knowledge on the fish resource assessment is of utmost importance for a fishery manager to effectively make decisions and implement it. In this chapter, an attempt is made to briefly explain the basic concepts of fish resource under management, its assessment and techniques to be applied.

1. Taxon names. group of organisms in a classification and given biological

2. Category the level or rank at which the taxon is placed.

3. Systematics is a biological science that discovers names, determines relationships, classifies and studies evolution of living organisms.

4. Alpha taxonomy description of new species.

5. Beta taxonomy relationships are worked outon the species level and on higher categories.

6. Gamma taxonomy studying the intraspecific variations and its evolutionary relationship.

7. Right eye flounders - Pleuronectidae & Soleidae.

8. Left eye flounders - Bothidae & Cyanoglossidae.

9. Cyanoglossidae - Tongue sole (only pelvic fin present and absence of pectoral fins)

10. Morphometric characters are measurable characters

Introduction
The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is blessed with various water resources dispersed over an area of 0.40 lakh hectares due to its distinct terrain and three distinct climatic conditions. There is enormous potential for coldwater, warm-water, reservoir, and sport fishing due to the existence of coldwater streams, rivers, lakes, high-altitude lakes, springs, and sars, among other features (DoF-J&K, 2022). Three-quarters of the cold-water fisheries Exclusively Distributed by NIPA GENX Electronic Resources and Solution Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi are derived from J&K. Still, the UT makes for no more than 1% of the nation's aquaculture output. According to DoF (2020), J&K had 0.21 lakh tonnes of inland fish output in 2019–20. In Kashmir, just 15% of the 70% of people employed in agriculture are fishermen (Qureshi, 2013). Limited infrastructure and connectivity in the highlands are substantial obstacles to the sector's expansion. However, the fishing industry still plays a significant role in the existence of the inhabitants of Kashmir, providing subsistence fishing as a means of nutrition and operating as an affordable and dependable supply of protein in the landlocked area (CMFRI, 2015). Approximately 70% of the entire output comes through the lakes of Dal and Wular, which account for the bulk of the harvest (Qureshi, 2013).
The characteristics of cold-water assets, including creeks and upland streams, contain exceptional transparency, high dissolved oxygen (DO), bedrockboulder- sand substrata, and high flow rates. These natural settings consist of gushing waters, cascades, torrents, and deep pools. The slopes of the Himalayas are home to 272 fish species (Sarma et al., 2018). Elevated heights result in reduced human influence and nutrient-poor water bodies due to catchment features. The glacier lakes are ultra-oligotrophic at relatively high elevations (Gopal, 2012). Fish in these waters develop slowly and only to tiny sizes because of the limited biological production. Large-scale commercial fisheries are therefore not supported by these cold-water resources. Likewise in other areas, human footprints have had a noticeable effect on Kashmir's flora, wildlife, and water sources. Challenges include things like contamination, eutrophication, and the inundation of alien species. Massive sedimentation has been made worse by tourism and growing urbanisation, which has reduced fisheries. Particularly impacted are native fish species, notably those in the Schizothorax genera (Qureshi et al., 2013). The future value of resourcefulness is diminished by this deterioration, which affects regional populations' ability to make a living and provide adequate nutrition. At this stage, the lakes in Kashmir are frequently contaminated, weed-filled, vulnerable to harmful algal blooms, bordered by marshlands (Tahseen et al., 2018). The concern must be addressed, with special attention to the larger context of Kashmir. Under several topics, this section examines the primary human interactions and how they affect the cold-water fishing industry and management.

1. The word "Statistics" derived from the Latin word 'Status' meaning POLITICAL STATE.

2. Statistics are lifeblood of successful commerce.

3. Statistics are not suitable to study the qualitative phenomenon.

4. Statistics laws are not exact.

5. A.L.Bowley "Statistics are numeral statement of facts in any department of enquiry placed in relation to each other".

6. Croxton and Cowden "Statistics may be defined as the science of collection, presentation analysis and interpretation of numerical data from the logical analysis".

7. Alfred Marshall - "Statistics are the straw only which I like every other economist has to make the bricks".

8. Function of statistics

a. Condensation

b. Comparison

c. Forecasting

d. Estimation

e. Tests of hypothesis

9. ANOVA-Analysis of Variance.

10. ANOVA-developed by Prof. R.A. Fisher.

Introduction Technology is the application of knowledge and/or equipment in undertaking and accomplishing certain activity. Fisheries technology is a systematically organized knowledge and materials applicable to production problems to help to boost the present level of fish productivity and or extend the existing range of production. Fisheries technologies are wide range of importance; Technological innovation in aquaculture is leading an evolution in aquaculture practices, thereby reducing losses and increasing efficiency. Technology in aquaculture affects many areas of fishery, such as seed production, feed production and management, pest and diseases management, production, harvesting, marketing, processing, etc. Induced breeding technology in Indian Major Carps transformed the growth of aquaculture sector from traditional to intensive aquaculture practices and led to success of modern aquaculture industry. Mechanization in fishing increased the harvest with less time and minimal human drudgery. Fish processing technologies improved product shelf-life, reduced fish loss and added value to the products.

Introduction Aquaculture is one of the world’s fastest-growing food industries, providing a sustainable source of income for millions of people (Mohanty et al., 2018, Troell et al., 2014; FAO 2018). From the total world’s production around 33% of the all harvested fishes are not only utilized for human utilization for different reasons like size, species, quality, amount, non-accessibility of handling or transportation office. Today, waste generated from fish processing is a major source of pollution in the environment. Even when excellent grade fish is produced, only 50% of it is consumed by humans, with the remainder being discarded as waste. These wastes, which are dumped in an open environment without being treated, produces foul odour, which, as previously said, might be a reason of environmental pollution, water pollution and other municipal difficulties. Fish meal and oil made from low-grade fish and discarded fish parts not only solves many of these health and environmental issues, but also boosts the fishing and fish processing sectors’ overall revenue. With the rapid build-up in yearly extraction since 2000, global usage of natural resources has increased dramatically in recent years, reaching 92.1 billion tonnes and resulting in a 254% rise from 27 billion in the nineteenth century (Coppola et al., 2021). As a result, the research is stepping up its attempts to develop a circular bio-economy that aspires to increase the value of material flows while also achieving sustainable consumption and production. It is a new idea that is gaining traction for the goal of ensuring human quality of life through the effective and sustainable use of resources, energy, and infrastructure.

India is endowed with 8118 kilometers of coastline and access to 5.3 lakh square kilometers of continental shelf to facilitate marine fishing.195210 kilometers long river and canal system, more than 6 million hectares of water bodies under reservoirs, ponds, Fish is an integral part of food and culture in India. Indian coastal region is rich in aquatic bio diversity with various identified fish species and also in aquatic resources. India with its vast and varied marine and inland resources stands third in world total fish production and second in inland fish production. India’s fish production has increased from 5.6 million tonne during 2000-2001 to 6.9 million tonne during 2006-2007. During the year 2006-07, the country witnessed foreign exchange of Rs.8363.53 crore through export of sea food. Fish processing industries in India are gaining importance in recent years due to increase in demand of processed food by the developed countries. In India fishery sector provide livelihood to an estimated 10 million people and the Inland fisheries are of particular importance to the rural poor accounting for about 15% of total global employment (FAO, 2000). Sustainable utilization of available resources with appropriate farming system approaches will increase fish production and also will generate employment opportunities.

1. The removal of moister from the timber is known as seasoning.

2. For boat building purpose timber should have moisture about 18-20%.

3. Mild steel contain 0.15-0.30% of carbon.

4. Low carbon steel contain less than 0.15% of carbon.

5. High carbon steel contain 0.8-1.5% of carbon.

6. The specific gravity of steel 7.84.

7. The aluminum boat was firstly built in France 1892.

8. Ferro cement boat was introduced in France 1847.

9. Specific gravity of aluminum-2.7.

10. Specific gravity of Ferro cement 2.4-2.6.

1. Fiber are basic material for constructing the gear.

2. Fibers length will be 200 times greater than that width.

3. Cotton fibber have length about 20-50 mm.

4. Ramie, hemp, liner are also known as soft fiber.

5. Ramie fiber - china grass.

6. Sisal and manila fiber are hard fiber.

7. Poly amide also known as nylon.

8. Polystyrene also known as terylene.

9. Poly condensation water eliminating process eg PA, PES.

10. Poly vinyl chloride is the first synthetic fiber to be produced by on an industrial scale. And also first synthetic material for gear.

1. Examples of grappling gears Clamps, Tongs and Raking devices.

2. Wounding gears with sharp projectiles Spears, Lances, Fish plummets, Fish comb, Arrows, Harpoons, Blow guns, Rifles.

3. Brail net-Large scoop net.

4. Jerk net a rectangular net kept under tension between two sticks which are pushed forward.

5. Collection of shells and corals for decoration and small fishes for aquarium is called as Aesthetic fishing.

6. Fish plummets are also called as plume lines or plumed lines.

7. The cross section of the two scam trawl during operation is elliptical.

8. Bridles-legs of trawl.

9. Sweep lines serve as false netting under water and vibrate in the water column.

10. The size of the trawl net is generally referred by the length of the head rope.

Aim: To know the method of securing thomas splint, in the forelimb.

Description

After immobilising the fracture site covering the distal as well as proximal end properly the thomas splint is fitted over the forelimb.

The foot is immobilised to the distal end of Thomas splint.

The immobilised forelimb kept closed and straight with the posterior extension of bamboo of the thomas splint. The limb is fixed with posterior bamboo splint with bandage roll at several place to avoid anterior, posterior movement of the limb.

At the time of fixing the limb with posterior extension bamboo of the Thomas splint, bandage are rapped along with the netting of thomas splint, to avoid medullary lateral movement of the immobilised limb.

Finally the immobilised forelimb is rapped along with the bandage roll including both the anterior and posterior extension of bamboo splint.

To avoid outside movement of the immobilised limb, the method of immobilisation of fracture of forelimb has been shown in fig-1.