eChapters

Definition: It is an event at which flowers are displayed and judged for awards.

Flower shows help to spread the world about the joys of gardening and serve as forums for learning and discussing the latest horticultural and design trends. Such flower show offers a wide variety of helpful resources for those interested in learning more about growing flowers for exhibition, designing floral arrangements or exhibiting plants. In addition, many national level flower shows offers training opportunities for members who are interested in becoming certified flower show judges. A Preliminary spadework has to be done to make a show successful. Success depends upon the co-operation between the exhibitor and the members of the flower show committee.

H erbs include non-woody or succulent-stemmed plants that are relatively shorter in stature when compared to shrubs. Based on their ornamental nature they can be broadly grouped as Flowering Herbs and Foliage Herbs. Flowering Herbs can be further classified based on their duration into Annual Flowering Herbs and Perennial Flowering Herbs. Foliage herbs of a perennial nature are further differentiated into monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous foliage herbs.

ANNUAL FLOWERING HERBS

Annual herbs are grown in gardens for their spectacular beauty when they are in flower. They are seasonal in habit and have duration of up to four months. Most of them have a short vegetative phase, which is followed by continuous flowering for several weeks. They are used in gardens for obtaining various colour effects. Varieties of annuals having analogous or similar flower colours can be grouped in flowerbeds and flower borders for monochromatic effects. For contrasting colour effects, varieties having complementary or contrasting colours like violet and yellow or blue and orange as well as green and red can be used. For colour blending effects, flowers having different shades of the same colour can be grown.

1. FLOWERING

The flowering goes through a phase of vegetative growth producing more stems and leaves and a flowering phase where they produce the organs for sexual reproduction.

1.1. Synchronisation in flowering

Synchronous flowering refers to the phenomenon of coincident, simultaneous flowering of all population of a given species in a large region.

Floriculture is the most important aspect of urban agriculture, which fulfils the need for beautification, recreation, entertainment and income earning. In broader sense, it includes growing flowering and ornamental plants in gardens, rooftops and terraces. Floriculture comprises of house plants, flowering plants, pot plants, cut flowers and decorative foliage. It also deals with cultivation of cacti, orchids, succulents, bonsai, ferns and plants grown in landscape gardening.

Role of flowers in our life

• It is a unique gift of nature to relax human mind
• The fragrance and beauty of flowers bring joy and happiness
• Flowers are used as a symbol of grace and sophistication
• Flowers are used in religious rituals for offering during worship

Description of the important flowering shrubs

Description of the important flowering trees

1.1. Floral biology

1.1. 1. Types of inflorescence

Group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches.

Flowsheet

Based on various experimentations concerning live fish transportation, a flow sheet may be prepared as:

Evaluation of the health status of the fishes purchased from the market to be packed for transportation. Serrated operculum and spiny fins, if any (as in Anabas testudineus) is serrated as it damages the packing materials. The trimmed fishes are treated with antibiotics and left for a week for wound healing.

In the case of abroad transportation of fish, clearance to the fitness of fishes is made available from a veterinary doctor/inspector. A no-objection certificate is also obtained from the office of the Marine Products Export Organization.

Proper sanitization of all the equipment and accessories for the determination of oxygen uptake of fishes as well as all the other steps of fish transportation in this pandemic of COVID-19.

Determination of oxygen requirement of the fish in terms of per hour and per unit body weight is essential. In the case of air-breathing fishes to be packed (Like Channa punctatus, Anabas testudineus, Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis), determination of aerial and aquatic oxygen requirement of the fishes is essential. The oxygen requirement of oxygen was estimated from the calculated values of intercept (=a) and slope (=b). For this calculation, a relationship of aW^b is applied.

A large proportion of the body of mammals including domestic animals, is made up of water. This water is an essential attribute for the life of the animals. Animals deprived of food but provided water will survive much longer than the animals provided with food but deprived of water. Water is the basis of the liquid environment of the cells, which Claude Bernard called the milieu interieur, and Cannon the fluid matrix.

1. Introduction

Movement of fluids from one location to another is an important unit operation in food processing. Various types of systems are used to convey fluids based on their flow behaviour. Understanding fluid flow behaviour is therefore important for designing of fluid flow systems. The fundamental mechanism involved in fluid flow is the momentum transfer occurring in moving fluids during various unit operations (fluid flow, aeration, drying, fluidization, filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation, mixing, etc.). This chapter deals with the basic concepts of fluid flow, viscosity, pressure measurement, conservation of mass and energy, boundary layer, momentum and velocity profile of fluid flowing in a pipe, flow metering devices, and pumps.

Q. 1 Density of water is:-
(A) 1000 kg/m3    (B) 500 kg/m3
(C) 1500 kg/m3    (D) 2000 kg/m3

Technical Term           Definition

Fluid Mechanics         Fluid Mechanics is a study of physical behavior of fluids and fluid systems, and laws governing their behavior. It incorporates action of forces

                                   on fluids and the resulting flow pattern

There is a delicate balance among electrolyte concentrations, body water and acid base status to maintain body homeostasis. Disturbances in homeostasis results in life threatening abnormalities. The aim of fluid therapy is to replace losses and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

Fluid therapy is an essential component of veterinary emergency and supportive care, particularly in animals with dehydration, circulatory compromise or electrolyte and acid-base disturbances. This chapter discusses assessment of hydration status and selection of appropriate fluid therapy. Crystalloid and colloid solutions, electrolyte supplementation and routes of administration are addressed. Clinical signs of dehydration help estimate fluid requirements, while patient-specific factors determine the appropriate formulation and rate of administration. The chapter also considers potassium supplementation and fluid therapy recommendations for different species. Practical understanding of fluid balance enables veterinarians to correct deficits, maintain circulation and support recovery during systemic illness.

Fluid therapy is a critical intervention in Veterinary Medicine, requiring careful assessment and monitoring to ensure effectiveness and to minimize risks. Tailor made individualized approach is essential for optimal outcome. Fluid Therapy in Small Animals Indications •     Most common indication for fluid therapy is correction of dehydration and resuscitation from shock, hypokalemia, and metabolic acidosis. •     Less common indication for fluid therapy is in cases of acid-base disturbances (metabolic alkalosis or mixed acid-base disturbance), specific correction of other electrolyte disturbances such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium. •     Other indication for fluid therapy is for the treatment of anemia and coagulopathies. Body fluid compartmentalization •     Total body water (TBW) in adults is approximately 60% of body weight. While young animals (neonates 80% and pediatrics 75%) contain more water. Water is located in separate yet

Introduction

Drying is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. Drying and dehydration both can be defined as the process of removing moisture from the foods. It is a simultaneous heat and mass transfer process, wherein heating medium or internal heat generation helps in evaporation of free water molecules from the product. Drying means removal of moisture of food upto a predetermined level where as in dehydration, complete removal of moisture upto bone dry weight of food material. Dehydrated foods have less than 2.5 % moisture content (dry basis) where as dried foods have dry basis moisture content more than 2.5 %. Drying operation consumes energy from 0.38 to 0.63 GJ/ton of food grain. Removal of water from foods using thermal energy thus makes it an energy intensive process. Modes of heat Transfer in various Driers are given in Table 1.Developments in dryer and methods, dryer selection based on form of raw material and typical residence time for various dryer are are given in Table 2,3 and 4, respectively.

Fluorescein diacetate (3’ 6’-diacetyl-fluorescein) is a fluorescein conjugated to two acetate radicals. This colourless compound is hydrolysed by both free (exoenzymes) and membrane bound enzymes, releasing a coloured end product, fluorescein. This end product absorbs strongly in the visible wavelength (490 nm) and can be measured by spectrophotometry. The enzymes responsible for FDA hydrolysis are plentiful in the soil environment. Non-specific esterases, proteases and lipases, have been shown to hydrolyse FDA. The hydrolysis of FDA by soil enzymes can be estimated by methods of Adam and Duncan (2001).

What is FISH ?

Fluorescent in situ hybridization is a technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids (usually DNA, but RNA may also be used) are permitted to interact so that complexes, or hybrids, are formed by molecules with sufficiently similar, complementary sequences. Through nucleic acid hybridization, the degree of sequence identity can be determined, and specific sequences can be detected and located on a given chromosome. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful technique for detecting RNA or DNA sequences in cells, tissues, and tumors. FISH provides a unique link among the studies of cell biology, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics.

Principle of FISH

FISH involves the preparation of short sequences of single-stranded DNA, called probes, which are complementary to the DNA sequences the researchers wish to paint and examine. These probes hybridize, or bind, to the complementary DNA and, because they are labeled with fluorescent tags, allow researchers to see the location of those sequences of DNA. Unlike most other techniques used to study chromosomes, which require that the cells be actively dividing, FISH can also be performed on non dividing cells, making it a highly versatile procedure.

Management of Compound Fracture

An open fracture is an injury that occurs when a broken bone is exposed through the skin. This may mean that the bone is actually sticking out of the skin, or it may mean that the skin and soft-tissue is disrupted and exposes a path to the site of the fracture. Often called a compound fracture, an open fracture necessitates different treatment from the usual closed fracture.

Surgically Cleaning the Bone

Surgically cleaning the bone is one of the first steps for treating an open fracture. Most patients who sustain an open fracture undergo a surgery called “irrigation and debridement.” Irrigation means washing the bone and the site of the injury. Debridement is described in the next step.

Determining the extent of injury can be difficult just by looking at an open fracture. This is especially true in high-energy injuries including automobile collisions and gunshot wounds. With these types of injuries, even small penetrations in the skin can cover very large areas of soft-tissue damage around an open fracture. Therefore, when surgically cleaning the bone, it is important to do this in the operating room (OR) under anesthesia — trying to sufficiently assess and clean the bone in the emergency room, without adequate anesthesia, may be insufficient.