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The disease appears as tumour like swelling or galls on leaf veins, leaf stalks, peduncles, stems and on fruits. The galls on the vein give a swollen and hanging appearance to the leaves. These are elongated, looks glossy in beginning but later rupture to become rough and corky. When stems remain succulent, numerous tumours may form on them. In severe case, the plant may kill prematurely.

The symptom appears as numerous, circular, light yellow to dark yellow spots on both the surfaces of leaves but is more prominent on the upper surface. The spot may coalesce to form large, irregular patches and soon entire leaf turns yellow and dries. Affected leaves appear as reddish-brown in colour. Excessive spotting destroys green tissues and becomes weak and yield reduced drastically

It is known by different names such as Ramularia leaf spot, rust, bird’s eye spot, grey spots, and white spot. It mostly attacks leaves but can also attack fruit stalks and also fruits.

The fi rst symptom of disease appears in early spring soon after leaves come out of buds. Affected leaves become distorted and fold over as tips directed backwards. The whole lamina puckered except tip and blistered. In some leaves, part of leaf show distortion. Blistered portions are thicker, softer than the normal leaf blade. The affected areas remain green for a while and gradually become yellow and fi nally turn reddish-purple in colour. 

It is a serious disease of apple which not only reduces the quality and size of fruit but also cause premature fruit drop and defoliation. Fruit loses its marketability due to poor quality. It also reduces storage time and cause loss up to 70%.

The disease attacks all the growth stages of plant affecting all above-ground parts. Plant covered with powdery patches leads to distortion, malformation and discolouration of leaves especially young leaves. Powdery patches gradually turn to grey and fi nally dark colour. Affected fl ower fails to develop fruit. Young berries turn black, irregular in shape and develop cracks. Sometimes berries ripe partially and rot. Vines get wilted.

Citrus crop includes lime, lemon, sweet orange, mandarin orange, Kamala orange, grapefruit, malta and pomelo etc. The disease which attacks one species of citrus mostly attacks other species also.

It is a very common disease of mango. It is otherwise known as blossom blight, leaf spot, twig blight or wither tip.

It is a very important and commonly found disease of chili which observed in field as well as in storage. It is also known as anthracnose disease which is mostly seen in tropical and sub tropical regions.

It is a very common disease found in all the onion and garlic growing areas. It mostly attacks the bulb as well as the seed crop. The infection or severity of the disease is more in Kharif crop causing 60% yield loss.

Disease appears later part of the crop season mostly during blossoming period. The first sign of the disease is the appearance of small brown patches on the leaves mostly on basal leaves which starts from tip or margin of leaves and spread downwards or inward directions.

The disease is seen at 3-4 leaves stage. Scattered, irregular, yellowish patches appear on the upper surface of the leaves and stipules. On the corresponding under surface of these patches, a greyish violet fi ne cottony mildew growth is seen. Infected tissue soon dies and turns brown. The disease fi rst appears on lower leaves and later spreads to upper leaves.

The disease i s seen at all crop growing stages. The fi rst symptoms appear at the time of emergence of seedlings, when the cotyledons are attacked. They become yellow and turn brown followed by wilting and drying of the affected seedlings. In the fi eld, the wilting symptoms appear in patches. First of all, the older leaves become yellow, loose their turgidity, wilt, turn brown and droop.

Wilt appears in the fi eld as patches is both seedling stage and developed plants. Symptoms include drooping and wilting of uppermost leaves. Plants become completely yellow and die. Plants are affected during the pod fi lling stages, seeds are often shrivelled. There will be rotting at the basal portion of the plant. Discoloration of vascular bundle are noticed when the stem is spitted
open.

All the above ground parts of the plant are affected. There is development of round and elongated spots surrounded by brownish red margin on the leafl ets. At later stage spots coalesce and entire leaf turns brown. On green pods, the lesions are usually circular with dark margin and pin head like dark dots representing the pycnidia in concentric circles.

The initial symptom of Alternaria brassiciola appears as small, dark colored spots which enlarge rapidly to form circular lesions. Under humid conditions a bluish velvety fungal growth is seen in the centre of these spots. Spots caused by Alternaria brassicae are almost similar to those produce by Alternaria brassicicola but are comparatively smaller and lighter in colour. When many spots are formed on the leaves, the leaves turn yellow and dry prematurely. Formation of pods and seeds are adversely affected.

The plants wilt at the time of grain fi lling stage. A light brown water soaked area is seen at the stem base. Sclerotia can be seen on the outer region of stalk when the plants get older. White mycelial growth with large sclerotial bodies is seen over the stem pith. The stem often breaks down at the point of infection.

The disease was fi rst reported in Java in 1893 and is prevalent in all sugarcane growing countries. In India the disease occurs in an epiphytotic form in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar during 1939-1940 and 1946-1947 and cause severe damage that threatened the existence of sugar industries.

Loose smut of wheat occurs worldwide but is more abundant and serious in humid and sub – humid regions. In India, this disease is found in all wheat growing areas but the incidence is generally more in comparatively cooler and moist parts of north India than south India. The yield loss may go up to 30% due to this disease.

Over the period of time, the dairy sector has added distinct significance to growing Indian economy. India contributes nearly 19.54% to the global annual milk production with an impressive upliftment of 3.6% in yearly production rate as per the latest available data from FAO International.