eChapters

Introduction: Grape is an important sub-tropical fruit crop in India. The plant of Vitaceae family divided into two important groups first is Euvitis which have 60 species; some important species which are commercially grown are i.e. Vitis vinifera, Vitis raperia, Vitis rupestris, Vitis labrausca and Vitis champini. Second group is Muscadiana and in this group the important crops are Muscadiana rotendifolia, Muscadiana popenoii and Muscadiana munsoniana. The chromosome number of this group is 2n = 40.

Grape was known to grow in India from ancient time but its commercialization is relatively recent, with the discovery of, Anab-e-Shahi’ variety by Mr. Shanker Pillay in 1930 from the bungalow of Nawab Baquer Ali Khan. This variety performed very well in the Hyderabad region of Andhra Pradesh and in fact gave initial boost to the Indian viticulture. It was initially known as ‘Malta’ and proved to be a pioneer in revolutionizing grape industry in south Indian.

Grape growing in north India received impetus from its success in south Indian. The commercial grape growing in north India dates back to early sixties when the ‘Pusa Seedless’ variety was released by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Latter on, the Punjab Government imported 100,000 cuttings of early-maturing variety ‘Perlette’ from California (USA). This variety acclimatized well and proved good for commercial cultivation.

In western Rajasthan the grape was introduced around 1960, which became popular among the growers. The fruit yield declined slowly thereafter and the grape cultivation was almost abandoned by 1971–72, particularly in the arid district. The problem of the drop of flower and flower-bud has been over of the major constraints in grape growing in western Rajasthan.

Grapes belongs to the family Vitaceae and genus Vitis. The region between Black and Caspian Sea is considered to be the origin of grapes. Its association with man is believed to be older than that of rice or wheat. Viticulture and wine-making started in Egypt at about 3000-4000 BC. It is presumed that it spread to India in 620 B.C. The medical treatises written by Charaka and Sushruta in the 1^st century AD reveal use of grapes for medicinal purpose. Viticulture in India started in early 1960 and today assumes an important position in horticulture crop in view of its area occupied, production, value addition and job creation in both rural and urban areas.

Popular Varieties of Grapes

Thomson Seedless and its clones viz.; Tas-A-Ganesh, Sonaka and Manik Chaman; Perlette, Banglore Blue (Isabella), Kishmish Chernyi (Sharad Seedless), Muscat Hamburg (Gulabi), Flame Seedless, Red Globe, Crimson Seedless and Manjri Naveen (A clonal selection from Centennial Seedless).

Uses

Grapes has several uses like table purpose, raisin, juice, wine making and canning, etc. It has several medicinal and curative properties. It is used in Ayurvedic preparations for making Kada or arishtam (herbal tonic or medicine). The grapes which are used as a fresh fruit are designated as table grapes. These are having attractive appearance, and good eating and shipping quality and long shelf-life. The grapes that can be dried are included in the Raisin grapes. Wine grapes which are primarily used to produce wine are known as wine grapes. In many parts of the world, grapes are grown for wine preparation. Grapes with high acid and low sugars contents are suitable for wine preparation.

Genus : Vitis 
Species : vinifera L.
Family : Vitaceae
Chromosome No. : 2n=38, 40

Grapes are considered to be the oldest plants on earth which dates back to 90-95 million years, a time when dinosaurs ruled this planet, hence grape is as old as mankind. Grape is one of the most ancient crops. The Aryans knew grape cultivation as well as to prepare beverages from it. Grape cultivation in India dates back to 11th century BC. Later Muslim invaders from Iran and Afghanistan in the 12th century also introduced grapes to India, further in the 16th century Emperor Akbar the Great introduced and encouraged grape cultivation in various parts of India.

• The skin of grape berry is covered with a wax-like layer which is called cutin
• Fe deficiency is very common in black soil
• Thompsom seedless variety with its done occupies 55 % area under grape cultivation
• Rains during ripening cause berry cracking and rotting
• Pruning
  • North India- December-January
  • South India- April and October
    • April- Back of foundation pruning
    • October- Fruit or forwarded pruning
• Mg deficiency is universal in grape cultivation
• CCC- for suppressing vigour of wine and increasing fruit fullness of bud
• GA3- For increasing berry size

Grape, Vitis vinifera are cultivated mainly in the sub-tropical and tropical regions, however, it can also be grown in the temperate regions. Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu are the main grape growing states. In India, the grapevine cultivation is mainly for producing fruits for the table purpose. Around 80 insect pests and mites cause damage in the grape vine yards directly or indirectly, of which few are of major importance. The damage can be checked if the details of the major pest problems are known in advance. The details about major insect pests and mites are given hereunder:

Thrips, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus Hood (Thripidae: Thysanoptera)

It is a polyphagous pest feeding on number of hosts like rose, jamun, guava etc. but grapevine is the most preferred host. This pest is prevalent in all grapevine growing regions of the country. The eggs are bean shaped and dirty white. The nymphs are yellowish brown with reddish brown abdomen. The pupa is brownish and have irritative movements on

Solution:

Steps used for plotting the bar graph are as:

Step 1: Open Excel sheet and feed the above data as given in figure. 9.1.

Step 2: Select data and go to insert menu and select column chart. (figure 9.2)

Step 3: Select 2-D column, option first from dialog Box (figure 9.3).

Step 4: The desired output will be as shown (figure 9.4).

Remark The data labels, axis name, title of the graph etc. can be inserted through selecting option formatting chart area and add data labels by right clicking on the graph output (figure 9.5).

The growing demand for sustainable materials has encouraged the development of green composites based on bio-based polymers and renewable reinforcements. This chapter explores advanced carbon nanomaterials, including graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and carbon quantum dots, as functional reinforcements for green composites. It discusses their synthesis, functionalization, incorporation into biopolymer and bio-based matrices, and influence on mechanical, electrical, thermal, and barrier properties. Particular attention is given to green synthesis approaches using biomass-derived resources, surface modification, dispersion, environmental considerations, scalability, cost, and life-cycle assessment. The chapter also considers future opportunities for multifunctional and commercially viable sustainable nanocomposites.

Graphene and related carbon nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention as reinforcements for high-performance green composites. This chapter examines graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanoplatelets and their integration with bio-based polymers and natural fibres. It discusses synthesis and fabrication methods, characterization techniques, mechanical properties, electrical and thermal performance, barrier properties, and applications. The chapter also considers dispersion and compatibility challenges associated with incorporating nanomaterials into green matrices. Graphene-based composites are explored for energy storage, environmental treatment, biomedical applications, sensors, packaging, automotive, and aerospace uses. Emerging trends focus on multifunctionality, scalable production, cost reduction, and sustainable processing.

Eswaran (2007) made graphic analysis with the model proposed by Jinks and Hayman (1953). He evolved 30 hybrids from six parents in a diallel fashion. The results are presented in Tables 71-74

After the DNA is run on the gel, the polymorphic bands or the bands cosegregating with a target trait are tagged. The bands identification is either done by calculating their relative mobilities (Rm / Rf values in case of isoenzymes) or by calculating their molecular weights (in case of proteins and DNA).

There are several methods to calculate molecular weights of DNA bands on the gel. Graphical approach is one of them. The approaches include (1) use of computer software to generate molecular weights and (2) running unknown DNA fragments with the fragments of known molecular weights (standard markers available from private companies, see examples in the figure). An example is given here (see figure) to illustrate the method to calculate molecular weights of unknown DNA fragments. This method is usually called as Graphical Approach.

5.1 Graphical Representation of Data

Diagrams are generally useful for the purpose of publicity and propaganda. No statistical conclusion can be drowning as these provide only an approximate and rough expression about the phenomenon. Thus for a more rigorous and improved representation of numerical statements graphs and charts are used.

Graphs are generally drawn with the help of two perpendicular lines known as x-axis and y-axis. The following are the various types of graphs, which are in common use:

Like all the carbons, this remedy is an antipsoric of great power, but especially active in patients who are rather stout, of fair complexion, with tendency to skin affections and constipations, fat, chilly, and costive, with delayed menstrual history, take cold easily.

Children impudent, teasing, laugh at reprimands. Anaemia with redness of face. Tendency to obesity.

By and large, Graphites is a skin remedy. Eruptions oozing out at thick honey - like fluid require Graphites. Such eruptions may be on any part of the body. These would be especially found on or beyond the ears, on the head, the face and the genitals or on the eyelids.

Graphites is indicated in eczema of the legs where there is a thick oozing of sticky fluid. Eczema of the eyelids, where the eruptions are moist and the margins of the eyelids are fissured, also requires Graphites.

Gravimetric analysis

Techniques – analyte is determined by quantitative isolation of substance by precipitation and weighing the precipitate

Gravimetric analysis describes a set of methods in analytical chemistry for the quantitative determination of an analyte based on the mass of a solid. A simple example is the measurement of solids suspended in a water sample. A known volume of water is filtered, and the collected solids are weighed.
 
In gravimetry, the analyte needs to be first converted to a solid by precipitation with an appropriate reagent. The precipitate can then be collected by filtration, washed, dried to remove traces of moisture from the solution, and weighed. The amount of analyte in the original sample can then be calculated from the mass of the precipitate and its chemical composition.

In some cases, it is easier to remove the analyte by evaporation. The analyte might be collected—perhaps in a cryogenic trap or on some adsorbent material such as activated carbon—and measured directly. Or, the sample can be weighed before and after it is dried; the difference between the two masses gives the mass of analyte lost. This is especially useful in determining the water content of complex materials such as foodstuffs.

Scientific name: Dioscorea alata L.
Family: Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea alata, commonly known as water yam or purple yam, is a species of yam belonging to the family Dioscoreaceae. Native to Southeast Asia, this tropical and subtropical crop has gained popularity worldwide for its edible, nutrient-rich tubers. The plant's unique characteristic is its purple-colored tubers, which owe their distinct hue to anthocyanins, powerful antioxidants that provide numerous health benefits. With its exceptional nutritional profile, Dioscorea alata has become an attractive alternative to other tubers, offering a valuable addition to various culinary dishes.
Origin and distribution
Dioscorea alata, a yam species, exhibits a widespread geographical distribution, with its origin tracing back to Southeast Asia. Phylogeographical studies indicate that the species has undergone extensive dispersal and cultivation, resulting in its presence globally in tropical and subtropical regions. Notably, D. alata has become naturalized in the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and parts of Africa, where it is widely cultivated for its edible tubers.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, any issue related to “information and communication technologies in agriculture (ICTs)” is extremely interesting and it belongs to the modern subject-matters of the agricultural economics science. Unambiguously the above phrase is the buzz remark for the agricultural extension scientists considering that the process of communication is fundamental to extension, training and passing on information. Thus, learning processes, dissemination of innovations and social change cannot be explained without reference to communication (Albrecht et al., 1989).

An efficient communication strategy, especially when combined with a wide range of available ICTs, utilises the advantages of both personal and impersonal media communication. This can be achieved by building up, promoting and using communication networks and modern technologies. Under the term “network” we understand the complex of communication channels which ensure that all members of the target group receive the message more than once, both from various personal contacts and media. This calls for the use of existing communication relationships, the dissemination of information by multipliers and influential individuals and a range of media which are appropriate to the type of information and for reaching the target groups. As well thought out, communicative approach can partly compensate for the often lamented shortage of advisers provided that one is in a position to communicate a message in various ways, to evaluate feedback and then to take action accordingly.

ABSTRACT

Green technologies are required in the field of food processing and production in order to achieve food security and to reduce adverse environmental impact. Application of nano technology in food processing and production can advance the food safety and quality, increase the bioavailability of nutrients and thereby improving human health. Nanotechnology can be applied to achieve green perspective like development of biodegradable packaging materials thereby reducing adverse environmental effect. Use of naturally occurring nanoparticles as additives can reduce the use of chemicals in food products. This chapter deals with the potential of nanotechnology to achieve green aspects in food processing and production.Main focusses are on achieving food security and environmental sustainability. Chapter also describes about the principles of nanotechnology and methods to achieve green aspectin food sector with the application of nanotechnology. Application of nanotechnology in food processing and production along with safety, regulations and accompanying laws are discussed in this chapter.

Plants play an important role in maintaining ecological balance by actively participating in the cycling of nutrients and gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen and air pollutants. Sensitivity and responses of plants to air pollutants is variable. Some plants are sensitive and act as bio indicators of air pollution (Kozhouharov et. al. 1985, Guderian, 1998). Others which are tolerant may act as sink to air pollutants. However this aspect needs more investigation for their use as indicators of air pollutants and in abatement of air pollution.

The green buildings are the needs of present day in India as well in the world. The easy availability of most of the green materials and equipments in the country has made it easier for designers to adopt local materials to a very large extent in the construction of green buildings. Now, there is an imminent need for service providers, who would be required in large number, not in hundreds but in thousands, as the movement is heading to reach greater heights. The green building movement is here to stay for the benefit of individuals, society and the country at large in the era of climate change.

With increase in the urbanization and industrialization, there is more pressure on available land and natural resources. In coming era, there will be only limited space available for city dwellers. In buildings one can grow a wide range of flowering and foliage plants. Plants not necessarily one confined to the outdoor only but bed room, kitchen, staircases, patios, windows and other locations can be made green with suitable plants. Indian Council of Green Building (ICGB) has developed the rating system.

Green Building in Santiago, Chile

A large amount of materials are used and energy consumed in construction and operation of average building. Many steps have been taken to reduce consumption of energy by developing new types of vehicle, energy sources, recycled materials and designing environment friendly buildings. These buildings are also known as green buildings or green construction or sustainable building.