eChapters

Hemangiopericytoma is a tumor originating from pericytes. It is mostly seen in distal extremities due to elevation of blood pressure in that area. It is mostly seen in skin and subcutaneous tissue around the joint region.

The hematoxylin and eosin stain are most widely used histological stain. Its popularity lies in its simple staining procedure and ability to demonstrate most tissue structures. Hematoxylin, also called natural black is a compound extracted from heartwood of the logwood tree (Haematoxylum campechianum) with a chemical formula of C16H14O6. This naturally derived dye has been used as a histologic stain, ink and as a dye in the textile and leather industry.
Hematoxylin, a natural dye was first used in about 1863. Hematoxylin itself is not a stain; it is its oxidation product, hematein. This process known as “ripening” takes several days or weeks unless it is hastened by the addition of an oxidizing agent. So the active coloring agent hematein can be produced from hematoxylin in two ways:
A. Natural oxidation by exposure to light and air.
B. Chemical oxidation: Sodium iodate is the most common oxidizing agent for this purpose, although there are others, such as potassium permanganate, iodine, bleach and mercuric oxide. It is now strongly recommended that mercuric oxide not be used for this oxidation as it eventually makes its way into the environment as a poison.
As the hematoxylin dye has little affinity for the tissue when used alone, it is usually used in conjunction with a mordant, therefore can be arbitrarily classified based on which mordant is used:
1. Alum hematoxylin
2. Iron hematoxylin
3. Tungsten hematoxylin

Principle

The residue from the cell walls determination is extracted with boiling 8 percent sulphuric acid for one hour to hydrolyse the hemicellulose without dissolving cellulose, lignin or acid insoluble ash.

Equipment
    1.    Refluxing apparatus.
    2.     Filtering apparatus: same as described for cell wall determination
    3.    Filtering crucibles: same as described for cell wall determination.

Reagents

    1.    Sulphuric acid (8%) : Standardize Reagent grade sulphuric acid to specific gravity of 1.052 at 20ºC.
    2.    Bromocresol green indicator solution: Same as used for lignin determination.

Transport systems are crucial to survival. Unicellular organisms rely on simple diffusion for transport of nutrients and removal of waste. Multicellular organisms have developed more complex circulatory systems. The circulatory system is responsible for the transport of the various essential compounds and other factors around the body, as well as the removal of the metabolic wastes that accumulate in the tissues from body activities to places of elimination.

Hemorrhagic disorders refer to conditions that impair the ability of an animal’s blood to clot properly, resulting in prolonged or excessive bleeding. These disorders can be broadly categorized into congenital coagulation defects and acquired coagulation defects, each with distinct etiologies, pathophysiologies, and clinical manifestations.
a) Congenital coagulation defects
Congenital coagulation defects are inherited conditions caused by genetic mutations affecting one or more components of the coagulation cascade. These defects are often breed-specific and can be observed in a variety of domestic animals.
Common types of congenital coagulation defects
Hemophilia- A
Cause: Deficiency of factor VIII.
Affected animals: Common in dogs, especially German Shepherds, and less common in cats and horses,
Pathophysiology: Factor VIII is essential for forming the intrinsic tenase complex, which amplifies thrombin generation. Its deficiency results in inadequate fibrin formation and poor clot stability.
Clinical signs: Spontaneous bleeding, hematomas, hemarthrosis (bleeding into joints), and prolonged bleeding after trauma or surgery.
Diagnosis: Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), normal prothrombin time (PT), and reduced Factor VIII activity.

It is an acute disease of turkeys, occurring in 6-7 wk. -Old turkeys, but has been seen in younger and older turkeys as well. The disease is worldwide in distribution.

Etiological Agent

It belongs to adenovirus type II. A serologically indistinguishable virus from HE virus, causes marble spleen disease (MSD) in confinement reared pheasants (3-8 months old). The disease shows predominantly respiratory signs. A virus of the same group causes avian adenovirus group II splenomegaly (AAS) in chickens.

Synonyms : Pasteurellosis, shipping fever, Stockyardis disease, Stockyardis pneumonia, Barbone disease

Hemorrhagic septicaemia is a particular form of pasteurellosis caused by Pasteurella multocida and manifested by an acute and highly fatal septicaemia mainly in  cattle and water buffaloes. The disease includes pneumonic pasteurellosis (shipping or transport fever), a disease caused mainly by P. haemolytica, although various serotypes of P. multocida are occasionally involved. Although the morbidity of pneumonic pasteurellosis of cattle can be high, the mortality rate is much less than that of hemorrhagic septicemia.

A. Diseases

1. Anthracnose

Hemp anthracnose is caused by two different fungi, viz., Colletotrichum coccodes (=C. atramentarium) and Colletotrichum dematium (Saccardo, 1882; Cavara, 1889).

i) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes)

Occurrence & severity status

The anthracnose disease occurs on many plants, including hemp (Cannabis sativa). The disease causing fungus is well-studied and it is an important pathogen responsible for black dot disease on potato. The fungus is an unspecialized pathogen, infecting a wide range of host families. It is most common in Canada and commonly regarded as a minor pathogen or secondary invader, but the fungus may seriously affect yield where intensive cropping without rotation occurs. It primarily affects the growth rate of plants and diminishes harvest. Moreover, it becomes fatal occasionally. Hoffman (1958, 1959) reported heavy hemp losses in central Europe. Conversely, Gitman (1968b) considered the pathogen was of little importance in the USSR.

Introduction

There is concern that antibiotic-resistance in bacteria may make commonly used antibiotics less effective. Oral immunotherapy (passive immunization) with specific antibodies is a strategy that has been actively pursued in laboratory and clinical studies for the last two decades. Feeding of egg yolk antibodies to neutralize specific pathogens, especially enteric microorganisms, is a potential alternative to antibiotics. Oral administration of these antibodies has met with some degree of success in prevention of viral and bacterial enteric infections in humans, piglets, calves, fish and rabbits. It is proposed that the egg yolk antibodies may act against enteric pathogens by binding, immobilising and consequently reducing or inhibiting the growth, replication, or colony forming abilities of these pathogens. Three immunoglobulin classes (IgA, IgM and IgY) have been shown to exist in chickens. Chicken immunoglobulin G (IgG) has been designated as immunoglobulin Y(IgY) because it varies in several aspects from mammalian IgG. IgY is the main serum immunoglobulin in chickens. It is transported from the hen to the embryo via the egg yolk. The egg yolk thus contains high concentrations of IgY. Other immunoglobulin (Ig) classes are present only in negligible amounts in the egg yolk. It has been shown that the presence of immunoglobulins in eggs is an example of passive immunity. This is because these antibodies originated from the hen and are used to protect the offspring from various infectious diseases after hatch.

Hendra, a disease of horse has been recognized in Australia since 1994-95 with zoonotic importance. It is caused by a virus under the genus Megamyxovirus and subfamily Paramyxovirinae and family Paramyxoviridae. This virus is also endemic in certain species of bat. Another zoonotic bat virus called Nipah virus has been placed under the same genus and family. It is transmitted between the horses through contact. Infected horses can develop a severe and fatal respiratory disease characterized by dyspnoea, vascular endothelial damage, pulmonary oedema and neurological signs. Experimental infection of cats and guinea pigs showed fatal respiratory disease. The transmission of virus from horse to horse and horse to man is through close contact. One person died of the disease due to respiratory failure and another one due to delayed onset of encephalitis. A number of diagnostic methods are available to provide prompt, sensitive and accurate diagnosis of the disease.

History: In 1994-95, a new viral zoonotic disease was identified in Queensland, Australia resulting in death of 2 human and 15 horses in two separate incidents. Again, in 1999 another horse died at the same place. The term 'Hendra' has been derived from the name of a place, suburb of Brisbane where first outbreak took place. In September 1994, a total of 15 horses died due to hyperacute respiratory disease. The trainer of the horse also died. In 1995, a farmer died of meningoencephalitis after having contact with a Hendra positive horse. In the 1999, a mare died of Hendra virus infections.

Etiology: The Hendra virus is under the new genus Megamyxovirus and family Paramyxoviridae. The Hendra virus was isolated in Vero cells from lung specimens and produced CPE within 3 days. The virus can grow in MDCK, BHK, RK13, LLC-MK2 and MRC5 cells. It also grows in cells derived from birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and in embryonated chicken eggs. The virus does not have haemagglutinin or neuraminidase activity. The virus is pleomorphic in shape, 38-600 nm in diameter and enveloped with two glycosylated transmembrane proteins of different lengths (15 and 18 nm). It differs from respirovirus and rubulavirus in not using sialic acid containing receptors. The virions are labile and infectivity is destroyed by heat, lipid solvents, non-ionic detergents, formaldehyde and oxidizing agents. Virions contain one molecule of negative sense ssRNA about 15 Kb long which codes 8 proteins. The Hendra virus is the largest of all known viruses under Paramyxoviridae. The genetic studies showed that Hendra virus is more similar to Morbillivirus or intermediate between Morbillivirus and Respirovirus. The amino acid homology between Hendravirus and Morbillivirus varies from 17-21% (P protein) to 40-42% (M protein) compared to 6-10% and 8% respectively for other members of Paramyxoviridae. A new Hendra like virus has been identified as a cause of respiratory and neurological disease in pigs and humans in Malaysia, called Nipah virus, after a village where the first human case occurred. (The amino acid homology of N protein between Hendra and Nipah is 92%, whereas in case of P&V it is 80-85%). Like, Hendra virus, the Nipah virus is thought to have emerged from a fruit bat (Pteropus hypomelanus).

Henna or Mehandi (Lawsonia inermis L.) a perennial shrub belongs to family Lythraceae. It is commonly cultivated as a commercial dye crop possess natural dyeing properties and are used for hair dyeing and for staining of palm, feet and other body parts since times immemorial. The plant finds their importance due to presence of orange red dye in its leaves and essential oil in its flower. Oil extracted from leaves and flower called ‘Otto of henna’ which is utilized as perfume (Jaimini et al., 2005). It can grow well in harsh climate of arid and semiarid regions. In India, over 90 percent of the henna production comes from Sojat region of Pali district of Rajasthan and Sojat is only center for its processing and trading in India. In India it occupies about 40,000 ha area out of which 35,000 ha alone is in Pali district (Sojat and adjoining tehsils).

Geographical distribution

It occurs naturally in North Africa mainly in countries of Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, Sahara and Yemen. It is naturally occurring in many of these countries along the water courses and semi-arid regions where it can with stand dryness as well as drought. It has been introduced into countries like Australia, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa, Chad, Congo, China, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sudan, Togo and Zanzibar (Suresh Kumar et al., 2005).

Henna (Lawsonia inermis L.) is a multipurpose shrub also known as mehandi. It is grown through out the country as a hedge plant. In India, it was once grown extensively in Punjab and Gujarat. However, gradually major cultivation has shifted to the arid fringes of Rajasthan with the Pali district having the maximum area under henna cultivation. It is taken as an annual ratoon crop under rain fed conditions. Presently there are over 22,000 ha of henna plantations in the Pali district nearly 70 percent occurring in the Sojat area which produces around 20000 tonnes dry leaves worth Rs.40 crores annually. Sojat city is world famous for its mehandi or henna (Heena) powder.

Distribution

Several countries grow henna on a commercial scale for its dye-bearing leaves, notably India, Egypt, Iran, Niger, Sudan and Pakistan. In India, it was once grown extensively in Punjab and Gujarat. However, gradually the major cultivation has shifted to the arid fringes of Rajasthan, with Pali district having the maximum area under henna. It is taken as an annual Ratoon crop under rainfed conditions. Presently over 39,000 ha of henna plantations in the district with nearly 70 per cent occurring in the Sojat area produce around 20,000 t dry leaves worth Rs. 40 crores. Besides this, leaf cuttings are also collected from existing farms and field boundary plantations in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. In Uttar Pradesh henna is grown for its scented flowers used in the essence industry. Kannauj, Lucknow, and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh are reputed centres for the commercial extraction of mehndi oil from flowers and its use in traditional essence. Since henna is grown as a dryland crop under limited moisture conditions greater use of available moisture by the plants is possible.

Suits especially scrofulous and lymphatic constitutions that are inclined to have eruptions and glandular swellings. Unhealthy skin. Blondes with sluggish character and weak muscles. Great sensitiveness to all impressions. Sweating patient pulling blanket around him. Chilliness, hypersensitiveness, splinter-like pains, craving for sour and strong things are very characteristic. The tendency to suppuration is more marked, and ahs been a strong guiding symptom in practice. The side of the body on which he lies at night becomes gradually insufferably painful; he must turn.

Hepar Sulph is the medicine for abscess, for the tendency to suppuration. Every little injury suppurates. Accompanying this suppuration is shooting pain. Suppuration or pus formation can be on any part of the body. If throbbing and shooting pain accompany it, it requires a does of Hepar Sulph in a high potency of 200 and above. Hepar Sulph can abort pus formation if given at the earliest stage of suppuration. Later it will hasten the pointing and discharge and help in healing the ulcer.

Herbaceous border

In this system plant are arranged in irregular group of a kind for harmonious are contrasting colour effect, either all flowering at one time or successfully in such a way that those flowering latter should grow up and screen the all ready flowered. The planting of annuals in the border of a plot is called as herbaceous border. When the border is to be viewed from both side tall plant are planted in center followed by medium and dwarf planting in both side. Herbaceous border may include all the herbaceous plant including herbaceous perennial (Flowering and non flowering) bulbous and annuals (see plate 20 & 21).

The state of Jammu and Kashmir is highly mountainous except for a short belt joining the Punjab plains. Geographically, the state of Jammu and Kashmir is divided into three regions -alpine desert of Ladakh, subtropical region of Jammu and predominantly temperate region of Kashmir valley. The valley is rich in herbaceous flora with huge potential for landscape use, however, many of which are still not exploited much for the purpose. Plants which live and bloom year after year are known as perennials which have an importance of their own and are backbone of any well-planned garden. The stems of herbaceous perennials die at the ground level each winter. They comprise a vast group of plants widely differing in size, leaf texture, flower color and are found in all the gardening countries of the world. The monotonous spread of concrete and glass in cities can have a dehumanizing effect. Growing colourful flowers in the house compound and in the parks will greatly enhance the beauty of surroundings in the countryside, the towns and cities. Flowers also bring happiness to life and boast the sagging spirits. The assemblage and display of colourful and attractive herbaceous perennials can achieve very significant and telling effects on the environment particularly in the landscaping of the house compounds, gardens, parks, health resorts and hotels. Now a day herbaceous plants are also used therapeutically to cure several problems related to humans. Judicious selection of native and introduced herbaceous perennials should camouflage with the type of habitation, building pattern, colour of the countryside etc. These plants should occupy only well thought of position in the landscape. There are always a number of shady spots in our lawns/gardens especially towards north-east side of a structure where lawn grass fails to grow or show poor growth. These spots can be converted into perennial herbaceous border of foliage plants.

Trees and shrubs are often the most dominant plants in landscapes but ground covers and vines play an important role too. The low spreading form of ground covers can connect and unify major planting areas and even serve as a focal point when the plants are flowering. In contrast to annuals, perennials provide savings in time, labour and expenses each year because where adapted to a specific climate zone, they can successfully over come winter and re- establish for more than a single growing season. Perennials are probably the most diverse plant group, providing a huge variety of shape, form, colour, texture and scent with which to design a planting. Since there is an increasing trend and awareness of planned landscaping in the public and in view of its value in preserving the environment, there is an urgent need to identify and select the appropriate native, naturalized and exotic planting material for specific sites /locations. Information regarding herbaceous perennials surveyed and identified in Kashmir Valley with prospective use in landscaping are given as under:

Herbal Based Formulations presents plant-derived preparations used for pest, disease, viral-vector, growth, and development management. The chapter includes neem seed kernel extract, Vitex, onion, tobacco, chilli-garlic, ginger, custard apple, eucalyptus, lantana, mint, marigold, papaya, aloe, pomegranate waste, and other botanical preparations. It organizes formulations according to their intended agricultural function and provides examples of decoctions, extracts, sprays, and fermented products. The chapter demonstrates the diversity of locally available plant resources that can be incorporated into natural farming practices. It also highlights the practical importance of botanical inputs for reducing dependence on synthetic crop-protection products while supporting sustainable farm management. effectively.

The global herbal industry faces significant challenges due to varying regulatory frameworks, quality control standards, and traditional practices. This talk aims to bridge the gap by promoting “Herbal Harmony”- a unified approach to standardizing herbal products worldwide. Experts from diverse f ields will converge to discuss: Harmonization of regulatory frameworks, standardization of quality control and assurance, validation of traditional knowledge, innovative technologies for herbal analysis and global market trends and opportunities by fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing, “Herbal Harmony” seeks to: enhance consumer safety and confidence, promote sustainable herbal trade practices, support evidence-based herbal medicine and to facilitate international collaboration and trade.

Typically herbal pharmaceutics may include any medicinal or functional food preparations such as phytopharmaceuticals, single or poly herbal formulations, and nutraceuticals made out of botanical materials. This includes two broad categories. First, there are many evidence based formulations and mixures that may or may not be based on traditional knowledge or practices. The second group includes all the traditional or ethnopharmacological preparations. Bringing herbal medications from either group to the market will require a pharmaceutics approach balanced with an understanding of the original context in which the treatment was used.

As an example, Ayurvedic medicines have been used safely for many years on a wide variety of patients. Medications that have not been altered from their original form have de facto gone through a type of safety testing. When a traditional medicine is prepared differently, then it is essential to validate the drug safety to be sure that the effects of the new procedure don’t cause harmful effects. In this same way, the value of animal testing to establish safety and toxicity is not as critical if the botanicals are used in traditional forms. Suitable animal models help in understanding the mechanism of action or pharmacodynamics of medicines. However, it is well known that no good animal models exist for many human diseases, such as asthma, diabetes, and rheumatism. The use of modern technology in making traditional preparations more contemporary and scientific is important but it should not compromise the original basis and principles described in tracditional medicine. The following examples highlight some of the concerns of this approach.

Introduction

Wound is a disruption to the epithelial integrity of the skin, extended in-depth to subcutaneous tissue and other body parts such as ligaments, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and bone (Robson et al. 2001). An appropriate wound healing is essential for the restoration of disrupted anatomical continuity (Begum, 2000). We have observed increasing interest in research based on traditional medicines of the world in the recent era (Medina-Franco et al. 2013). Traditional and complementary medicine regains popularity not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. Common and known practices across the globe of traditional medicines include Herbal, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Iranian, Islamic, Vietnamese, Chinese, Acupuncture, African and other pseudo-medical knowledge (Dorai 2012). According to World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medicine ‘the health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral-based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being’. Saxena et al. (2013) reported that phytochemicals present in plants are liable for preventing disease and promoting health. Antibiotics used in the treatment of wound infections are now proved to have adverse effects in the human body and in pathogens where resistance is emerging. Attention has, therefore, turned towards extracting biologically active compounds from plant species having wound healing property (Pattanayak and Sunita, 2008).