eChapters

10.1. Social value

Ideas which help an individual to discriminate whether a particular object or behaviour is good or bad, desirable or undesirable.

Norms: Times rules which govern the action

Normative behavior: People are expected to behave in accordance with the values held by the individual.

S.C. Dood defined the value as “desiderata” i.e., anything desired or chosen by someone, sometime.

Value may be considered as attitude-related attribute that are projected upon people, objects and situations.

9.1. Rural Sociology

Science of rural society.

Study of sociological life in rural setting to discover their conditions and tendencies and to formulate principles of progress.

A.R. Desai: Rural Sociology involves the study of human relationships in rural situations.

8.1. Terms and definitions

8.1.1. Extension program

A written statement of situation, objectives, problems and solutions which has been prepared on the basis of an adequate and systematic planning effort and which forms the basis of extension teaching activities in a specific area for a given period.

7.1. Sriniketan Project (1914)

Shri Rabindra Nath Tagore in 1914 established a rural reconstruction institute at Sriniketan involving youth from a group of 8 villages.

Maintained a demonstration farm, a dairy and poultry unit, an outdoor clinic, a department of cottage industries and a village school.

Villages were expected to approach these agencies through village workers who lived in villages to obtain solution of their more pressing problems.

Scheme of land development and tree plantation were given due importance.

Experiment on paddy, sugarcane and cotton were undertaken.

6.1. Etawah Pilot Project (1948)

Started in 1948 by Mr. Albert Mayer of USA at Etawah district in UP

Funded by the Government of UP.

6.1.1. Objectives

To know the degree of productive and social improvements, through self confidence and cooperatives

To find how quickly these results could be attained

To know whether the results remain permanent even after the special pressure is withdrawn

To assess how far the results were reproductive in other places.

5.1. Diffusion

Process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system.

4.1. Information and Communication Technology

Refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications.

Similar to IT, but focuses on communication technologies.

Includes the Internet, wireless network, cell phones, and other communication medium.

3.1. Communication

Leagans (1961) refers as process by which two or more people exchange ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gains a common understanding of meaning, intent and use of messages.

Communis is Latin word - meaning common.

Act of getting a sender and a receiver tuned together for a particular message, or a series of message.

Winfield (1957) refers as whole learning process; encompasses

º Teacher - message or material to be taught

2.1. Radio

A popular communication medium

2.1.1. Historic features

In India, Madras Presidency Club pioneered radio broadcasting in 1924.

Due to financial difficulties, gave it up in 1927.

In 1927, businessmen in Bombay started Indian broadcasting Company with stations at Bombay and Calcutta.

But, failed in 1930.

1.1. Extension

Educational process for bringing about maximum number of desirable changes among the people

18.1. Buffer stock

Refers to stock of food grains maintained by government to be used as a buffer to cushion shocks of fluctuating supply and price, to meet the emergency needs and to meet the situations arising out of serious unexpected shortages resulting from transport bottlenecks, natural calamities like war, flood, famine, earthquakes, and from the influx of refugees.

17.1. Fruit Products Order (FPO), 1995

Promulgated under Section 3 of Essential Commodities Act, 1955.

For regulating sanitary and hygienic conditions in manufacture of fruit, vegetable products.

Mandatory for all manufacturers of fruit, vegetable products to obtain a license under this order.

16.1. World Trade Organization (WTO)

Only global international organization dealing with rules of trade between nations.

Location: Geneva, Switzerland

Established: 1 January 1995

Created by: Uruguay Round negotiations (1986-94)

Membership: 164 members representing 98% of world trade

Budget: 197 million Swiss Francs for 2018

Secretariat staff: 625

Head: Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General)

15.1. Minimum Support Price (MSP)

MSP are announced by GOI at beginning of sowing season for certain crops on basis of recommendations of CACP.

MSP is price fixed by GOI to protect producer - farmers against excessive fall in price during bumper production years.

Guarantee price for their produce from the Government.

Objectives are to support farmers from distress sales and to procure food grains for PDS.

14.1. Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)

Set up in January, 1965 in name of Agricultural Prices Commission (APC) on recommendations of Food grains Prices Committee headed by Shri L.K.Jha.

Prices for different agricultural crops by GOI on the recommendations of CACP are announced as minimum support prices, statutory minimum prices, procurement prices and issue prices.

13.1. Forms of business organisations

Factors to be given weightage for choice of a suitable form of organization

Type of business - service, trade, manufacturing.

Selection of industry and area of operation.

Scope of operations, volume of business and market size, including its expected growth potential.

Amount of capital funds required – initial capital, working capital.

12.1. Agribusiness

Concept was born in Harvard University in 1957.

John David and A. Goldberg wrote a book ‘A concept of Agri-business’.

In early 1966, University of Philippines offered an Agri-Business Management (ABM) UG program.

In 1969, first Advanced Agribusiness Management seminar held in Manila.

11.1. Central Silk Board

Established in 1948 at Bangalore under administrative control of Ministry of Textiles.

10.1. Co-operative marketing

Private agencies dominate Indian food grains trade.

High marketing charges and prevalence of malpractices.

Progress of regulated markets is not uniform in all areas.

Need for strengthening co-operative organization in marketing of farmers produce and supply inputs at right price and time.

9.1.AGMARK

‘Ag’ means agriculture and ‘mark’ means certification mark.

Certifying agency: Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Government of India

Effective region: India

Effective since: 1986

Product category: Agricultural products