eChapters

1. Low chill varieties of peach needs chilling of

 a) 50-100 hr b) 250-300 hr

 c) 600-650 hr d) 800-900 hr

 2. Nectarine is a mutant of

 a) Peach b) Plum

 c) Apricot d) Almond

 3. Nematode resistant rootstocks of peach is

 a) GF 667 b) St. Julien

 c) Siberian C d) Shalil

1. Which rare species of Mangifera is endemic to the Philippines

 a) Mangifera  merrillii b) Mangifera minutifolia

 c) Mangifera laurina d) Mangifera paludosa

 2. Which of the following crops is largely exported from India?

 a) Walnut b) Mango

 c) Grape d) Banana

 3. Lowest number of AEZs belongs which state?

 a) Maharashtra b) Karnataka

 c) West Bengal d) Andhra Pradesh

1. ‘National horticulture mission’ was launched during

 a) 2003 b) 2004

 c) 2005 d) 2006

 2. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) was established by the Government of India in:

 a) 1980 b) 1985

 c) 1990 d) 1995

 3. Which of the following ‘journal’ is published from indian academy of horticultural sciences ?

 a) Indian journal of horticulture

 b) Progressive horticulture

 c) South indian journal of horticulture

 d) Indian  journal   of ornamental horticultur

1. The average productivity of fruits in india is:

 a) 9.2 t/ha b) 12.2 t/ha

 c) 14.2 t/ha d) 16.2 t/ha

 2. The leading state in fruit production in india is:

 a) A.P. b) U.P.

 c) Maharashtra d) Karnataka

 3. The leading state in pineapple production in india is:

 a) Maharashtra b) Assam

 c) West Bengal d) Tripura

1. Which of the following variety of grape is commercially grown in North India?

 a) Pearlette  b) Pusa Seedless

 c) Thompson Seedless  d) Pusa Navrang

 2. Which of the following is highly shade tolerant fruit crop?

 a) Carambola  b) Coconut

 c) Citrus  d) Mango

 3. Type of apomixis present in citrus is:

 a) Non recurrent  b) Recurrent

 c) Parthenocarpy  d) All of the above

1. Colt, a dwarfing rootstock of cherry is a cross between:

 a) P. avium × P. cerasifera b) P. avium × P. mahaleb

 c) P. avium × P. pseudocerasus d) P. avium × P. cerasoides

 2. GF-677 is a cross of:

 a) Almond × Peach b) Peach × Almond

 c) Peach × Apricot d) Apricot × Peach

 3. Coat protein mediated resistance has been developed in:

 a) Papaya b) Banana

 c) Citrus d) All the above

1. ‘Flying Dragon’ a dwarfing rootstock of citrus. The dwarfness is governed by:

 a) Single dominant gene b) Single recessive gene

 c) Polygenes d) Additive genes

 2. India’s contribution in the total world production of fruits is.

 a) 10.5% b) 12.5%

 d) 17.5% c) 15.5%

 3. In which fruit crop the first transgenic was produced:

 a) Papaya c) Pear

 b) Plum d) Walnut

1. In every winters peach requires heavy pruning because:

a) It bears on current season’s growth

Ib) t bears on previous season’s growth only

c) It bears on two years’ old wood only

Id) t bears on spur

2. Mango wilt/decline is spread through:

a) Mealy bug

b) White grub

c) Beetle

d) Leaf hopper

1. The nodal agency for international co-operation in the area of agricultural research and education in India is:

 a) ICAR b) DARE

 c) CAU d) CSIR

 2. Which of the following countries is not a member of G-8?

 a) Canada b) france

 c) Germany d) Spain

 3. FSSAI does not provide licensing for:

 a) Non-alcoholic beverage b) Alcoholic beverage

 c) Milk products d) Organic products

1. Alphabet Inc. (marketed as Alphabet) is the parent company of:

a) Google

b) Yahoo

c) Microsoft

d) Apple

2. Human Rights Day is celebrated annually across the world on ................. every year.

a) 10 October

b) 10 November

c) 10 December

d) 10 January

ICAR Frontline Extension Programmes

It was recognized by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in the early sixties that agriculture development requires interdisciplinary and multi institutional approach. The integrated functioning of agricultural research, education and extension was for the first time recognized as the cardinal principle of agricultural development system, and accordingly agricultural research, education and extension function were integrated in the ICAR institutes and State Agricultural Universities (SAU). ICAR established a Section of Extension Education at its headquarter in 1971, which was later renamed as Division of Agricultural Extension to promote the transfer the agricultural technologies through the ICAR-SAU system. The present position, as on 31.03.2020, of ICAR institutes, Central Agriculture Universities and SAUs are as follows:

Ice cream over the years has come to acquire an easy acceptance as a healthy, nutritious and hygienic food for the aged, sick, growing children and adults. Its popularity, as demonstrated on all types of occasions is growing fast and its potential appears to be unlimited.

Gone are the days when the word “Ice Cream” was synonymous with strawberry and vanilla flavours or the innocuous orange. Ice cream is available in many forms, flavours and packages. Today, there are exotic variations to titilate the palate, such as Jingle Bells, Goody goody Gum Drops, Champagne Snowballs, Mr. Frost, Tutty Fruity, Butter Scotch, etc, waiting to launch customers on a gastronomical voyage.

It is uncertain how long ice cream has been produced, however, the International Association of Ice cream Manufacturers (1966) traces the beginnings of ice cream and frozen desserts to iced drinks enjoyed by Alexander the Great in the fourth century B.C. down through the years Nero in the first century A. D., Marco Polo in the 13^th century through Italy and France to England in 1643-1649, and to America around 1700. From a very old writings it has been learnt that the Chinese liked a frozen product made by mixing fruit juices with snow, what we now call water ice. It is believed that ice cream evolved from iced beverages and water ices that were popular in the medieval period. This technique later spread to ancient Greece and Rome, where the wealthy, were partial to frozen desserts.

After disappearing for several centuries, ice creams in various forms reappeared in Italy in the Middle Ages, most probably as a result of Marco Polo returning to Italy in 1295 after a 16-17 year stay in China, where he had learnt to appreciate a frozen dessert based on milk. There is no gainsaying the fact that the true origin of ice cream cannot be proclaimed with a fair measure of certainty but, all the same, the Italians claim that Benaroo Bountalenti, a resident of Tuscany, invented ice cream in the early 1300s. From Italy ice cream spread over Europe during the 17^th century, and for long remained a luxury product for the royal courts. Italian ice cream was very popular in London around 1870.

A greenfield ice cream project involves much more than installing production machinery. It requires integrated planning of the business model, market opportunity, capacity, product portfolio, plant layout, process technology, refrigeration, utilities, packaging, cold storage, quality systems, regulatory compliance, distribution, working capital, and future scalability. This chapter presents a practical framework for evaluating new ice cream manufacturing projects, with particular attention to a representative 1000 LPH facility. Different project scales and business models are considered along with major plant and machinery requirements. The chapter also highlights common project-planning mistakes and best practices. It helps entrepreneurs and investors assess technical feasibility, operational readiness, financial requirements, scalability, and long-term commercial viability.

India is emerging as one of the most dynamic ice cream markets, with growing demand driven by urbanisation, rising disposable income, premiumisation, regional flavours, modern retail, quick commerce, and expanding cold-chain infrastructure. This chapter examines the evolution and structure of the Indian ice cream market, major growth drivers, consumer segments, competitive conditions, and emerging opportunities. It also considers important challenges including seasonality, freezer investment, cold-chain reliability, SKU complexity, regulatory compliance, working capital, and market returns. The chapter provides strategic guidance for entrepreneurs and manufacturers on market entry, positioning, product portfolios, distribution, and sustainable growth in India’s increasingly competitive ice cream industry.

18.1 Introduction
Ice cream is produced by freezing a pasteurised mixture that is derived from milk or milk products, with or without nutritive sweeteners and other approved non-dairy constituents, in accordance with FSSAI standards. Except for softserve ice cream, which may remain malleable, this product must freeze solid and may contain air. Ice cream is manufactured using bovine or buffalo milk, cream, or milk products. It may also contain cane sugar, eggs, fruits, fruit juices, preserved fruits, nuts, chocolate, edible flavours, and approved colours. Up to 0.5% by weight of stabilisers and emulsifiers are permissible. The mélange must be heated to the appropriate temperature prior to freezing. A minimum of 10% milk fat, 3.5% protein, and 36% total solids must be present in the product. However, the proportion of milk fat may be reduced to no less than 8% by weight when any of the aforementioned preparations contains fruits, almonds, or both. A declaration to that effect must be included on the label, and starch may be added to a maximum extent of 5%.
18.2 Classification
Some of the frozen desserts can be classified as follows.
1. Plain: Plain ice cream has minimal coloring and flavoring, such as vanilla and coffee.
2. Chocolate: Chocolate ice cream is flavored with cocoa or chocolate
3. Fruit: Fruit ice cream contains fruits like strawberry, apricot, pineapple, mango, or banana, which may be fresh, frozen, canned, or preserved.
4. Nut: Nut ice cream includes nuts like almonds, pistachios, walnuts, or cashews, with optional additional flavoring or coloring.

1. Pharmaceutical Quality System

1.1 Introduction

This document establishes a new ICH tripartite guideline describing a model for an effective quality management system for the pharmaceutical industry, referredto as the Pharmaceutical Quality System. Throughout this guideline, the term “pharmaceutical quality system” refers to the ICH Q10 model.

ICH Q10 describes one comprehensive model for an effective pharmaceutical quality system that is based on International Standards Organisation (ISO) quality concepts, includes applicable Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) regulations and complements ICH Q8 “Pharmaceutical Development” and ICH Q9 “Quality Risk Management”. ICH Q10 is a model for a pharmaceutical quality system that can be implemented throughout the different stages of a product lifecycle. Much of the content of ICH Q10 applicable to manufacturing sites is currently specified by regional GMP requirements. ICH Q10 is not intended to create any new expectations beyond current regulatory requirements. Consequently, the content ofICH Q10 that is additional to current regional GMP requirements is optional.

ICH Q10 demonstrates industry and regulatory authorities’ support of an effective pharmaceutical quality system to enhance the quality and availability of medicines around the world in the interest of public health. Implementation of ICH Q10 throughout the product lifecycle should facilitate innovation and continual improvement and strengthen the link between pharmaceutical development and manufacturing activities.

9.1 Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to design an icloud and cayenne based perimeter monitoring system for agricultural field. Mobile app is designed to monitor the sensory data. The complete system comprises of two sections field device and mobile app. Field device comprises of NodeMCU, battery, motion sensors and laser sensors. The system is designed to monitor the agriculture field perimeter with motion and laser sensors, which are deployed at different locations of field. The sensory data is transmitted through NodeMCU and received at mobile app which can be accessed by authorized person. The same data can be accessed on webserver from anywhere in the world. Fig.9.1 shows a block diagram for a system. Table.9.1 shows the component list.

Introduction

Minerals are present in all body tissues and fluids to carry out the physicochemical processes of life; both in animals and human. It is broadly classified into two categories: (1) macro and (ii) micro or trace elements. The macro elements include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, sodium and chloride, while elements such as iron, copper, cobalt, iodine, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and chromium come under micro elements. Animals need large amounts of calcium for construction and maintenance of bone and normal function of nerves and muscles. Phosphorus is a vital constituent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nucleic acid and is also essential for acid-base balance, bone and tooth formation. Iron is an important component of the cytochromes for carrying out cellular respiration in addition to its vital role in red blood cells. Magnesium, copper, selenium, zinc, iron, manganese and molybdenum are important co-factors found in the structure of certain enzymes and are indispensable in numerous biochemical pathways. Animals need iodine to make thyroid hormones. Sodium, potassium and chlorine are important in the maintenance of osmotic balance between cells and the interstitial fluid. Excessive intake of some minerals can upset homeostatic balance and cause toxic side effects.

Introduction

ICT may be defined as technologies that facilitate communication and the processing and transmission of information by electronic means. ICT is an acronym that stands for Information Communications Technology and refers to technologies that facilitate communication and the processing of information by electronic means and includes everything from radio and television to telephones (fixed and mobile), computers and the internet. Information and communication has become an increasingly powerful tool for improving the delivery of basic services and enhancing local development opportunities. Recent years have seen increases in the use of ICT in almost all spheres of rural life. Especially, the rural communities require information among others on supply of inputs, innovations, improved technologies, credit, market prices and competitors. Since the concepts, methods and applications involved in ICT are constantly evolving on an almost daily basis. It’s difficult to keep up with the changes - they happen so fast.

Introduction

E-publishing and information accessing have become easy and convenient mainly because of Internet and the World Wide Web technologies. Most digital libraries were developed in the past by taking up projects based on specific disciplines and then developed into full-fledged digital libraries. The inter-networking communication links, low cost storage solutions, powerful desktops, workstations, servers and multimedia hardware and software technologies are now available for initiating the Digital Library projects in India. Development in ICT (Information Communication technology) have brought about the merger of the computing, information, Communication, entertainment, mass media industries thereby providing a means of exchanging information in the digital format used by computers.