eChapters

All human beings are prone to a state of anger, which affects their performance during their day-to-day life. Anger and aggression are the same, although they are often experienced at the same time. Anger is an emotion, whereas aggression is a behavior or form of intervention. Whereas anger is internal, aggression is external. But both are typically associated with physiological arousal.

A person who perceives that wrong has occurred, which should be corrected, usually feels anger. Anger is a reaction against somebody, a person, an event, or an object. It is resentment to some injustice which has been perceived to have been meted out. The emotion of anger leads to aggressive behavior, especially among adolescents and teenagers. Aggression further causes pain to individuals.

Let us try to understand what we mean by anger, aggression, and pain, and how to manage them.

Mainly reared for wool production. They require cooler environment to have better wool growth. The rearing is restricted to hilly regions where the weather is cool which helps in better wool production.

• Qualitative
• Quantitative

Quality-Length of the wool, texture of wool, shininess/ brightness of wool.

During marketing, classified into 3 categories:

Grade I → Rs. 1000/ kg

Grade II → Rs. 600-800

Grade III → Rs. 400-600

Management of Angora rabbit includes important aspects of breeding, feeding, heeding and disease control.

8.1. Reproduction

Angora rabbits of lighter breeds reach breeding age of 6-7 m, medium rabbits at 7-8m and heavier breeds at 8-10 m. Female Angora rabbits do not have a true oestrus cycle with a definite heat period. They may mate at any time of year. Ovulation in does is induced by mating and occurs about 10 -12 hours later to mounting and copulation with the bucks. No doubt there is no definite heat cycle in Angora rabbits, yet during certain periods breeding does are more receptive to bucks than other times of the year. Some of the signs of such receptive period are restlessness, rubbing of chin on the feeding or watering bowls and vulva may be slightly swollen and purplish red.

Food, furs, research, hobbies, pets – these are the major uses of rabbits around the world. It should be noted that rabbit production for meat and wool has become increasingly important in the last few years.

Angora wool rabbits are a commercial rabbit which is raised for its fine wool and meat as well, but primarily raised for wool production. Cooler climate is most conducive to raising this breed of rabbit. Angora rabbit does not differ from other breeds of rabbit except for its unusual length of valuable fur(wool). This modifies its raising compared to other rabbits.
 
The term ‘Angora’ qualifies those mammals which are covered with fur or wool composed of very soft hair of more than normal length – double or more than double the normal length.

Antibiotic Resistance and Gene transfer
 
It is important that probiotic strains should be assessed for their phenotypical antibiotic resistance and potential to transfer resistance gene as otherwise they cannot be used in food (BgVV, 2000; Vankerckhoven et al., 2008). It is vital to do research on characterization of acquired resistance mechanisms and transferability of resistance genes and on methods for determining transferability.

Animal and poultry feed and fodder production management is a vital aspect of the agricultural industry, playing a pivotal role in sustaining livestock health and productivity. This intricate domain encompasses a myriad of practices, technologies, and strategies aimed at producing high-quality feed and fodder to meet the nutritional needs of various animal species, ensuring their optimal growth, development, and overall well-being. Feed and fodder production management involves the cultivation, processing, and formulation of feed ingredients tailored to the specific dietary requirements of different animals. From traditional practices to modern, technology-driven methodologies, this field has evolved significantly to address the growing demands of an expanding livestock industry. The cornerstone of effective feed and fodder management

“It  is not uncommon for animals to exhibit behavioral changes before an impending disaster. Wild animals often vacate areas, gather in strange groupings and sometimes will even enter into human habitats they normally avoid,” animal behavior expert Diana L.Guerrero said.Three days before the earthquake, thousands of toads roamed the streets of Mianzhu, a hard-hit city where at least 2,000 people have been reported killed.

Animal behaviour provides valuable information about health, welfare, reproduction, environmental adaptation and social interaction. Traditional observation is labour-intensive, time-consuming and vulnerable to observer bias. This chapter explains how machine learning automates behavioural analysis using video, sensor and bioacoustic data. It covers preprocessing, feature extraction, classification, clustering and recurrent neural networks for temporal analysis. Computer-vision techniques—including object detection, tracking and pose estimation—enable continuous and non-invasive monitoring. Case studies demonstrate applications in livestock management, wildlife conservation and laboratory research. The chapter also examines data labelling, model generalization, ethics, explainable AI, real-time processing and the integration of multiple behavioural data sources

Introduction
The behaviour of animals during restraining, handling, and feeding is a crucial aspect of animal husbandry and veterinary care. Understanding and interpreting their behaviour in these contexts is essential for ensuring the well-being of animals and the safety of humans involved in their care.
I. Animal Behaviour During Restraining
1. Fear and Anxiety: When animals are restrained, they often exhibit fear and anxiety. This behaviour can manifest as vocalizations, attempts to escape, increased heart rate, and sometimes aggressive actions. Understanding the signs of fear and anxiety in animals is essential to mitigate stress during restraint. Calm and gentle handling can help reduce the negative impact on the animal’s well-being.
2. Fight or Flight Response Animals: When restrained, may respond with a “fight or flight” reaction. They may try to flee or become defensive, potentially causing harm to themselves or the handlers. It is essential to anticipate this response and use appropriate restraints, such as halters or cages, to ensure safety for both animals and handlers.
II. Animal Behaviour During Handling
1. Trust and Bonding: The behaviour of animals during handling can vary depending on their previous experiences and the quality of their relationship with their caregivers. Animals that trust their handlers and have positive associations with handling are more likely to exhibit calm and cooperative behaviour. Trust is built through consistent, gentle, and respectful handling over time.
2. Aggression and Fear: Animals that have had negative handling experiences may exhibit aggression, avoidance, or fear during handling. This can pose risks to both the animals and the handlers. In such cases, it is essential to employ behaviour modification techniques and gradually desensitize the animals to handling procedures.

Animal Biotechnology

Biotechnology is defined as “the application of biological organisms, systems or processes to manufacturing and service industries” (Coombs, 1984).

It is also defined as “the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to produce goods and services” (Coleman, 1986).

Animalbiotechnologyis the application of scientific and engineeringprinciples to the processing or production of materials by animals to provide goods and services to human kind.

Key Points

• Animal bites containing poisons, venoms, or diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality.

• Unattended animals are vulnerable to various types of bites, including snakes, spiders, scorpions, bee stings, lizards, and dogs.

• Snake bites can be life-threatening for both humans and animals and require emergency treatment.

• Dog bites can cause rabies in both people and animals.

Introduction

If left alone, curious animals are likely to be bitten by a variety of insects. Bite severity varies by animal species. Typically, stings and bites are painful and dangerous. It can be life-threatening in certain situations.

A tumour/neoplasm is caused by a purposeless multiplication of living cells. The word neoplasm means new growth. Tumours are common in carnivore as compared to other animals. Horse and cattle are mostly affected than sheep, pig and goats. Old animals are affected more commonly than young ones. Cancer, according to current opinion, is a multitude of different diseases and is no more a “one diseases’. Myriads of tumour types and plethora of their patho-physiology in different species necessitates species wise study of tumours in detail.  Of all species, dog develops cancer twice as frequently as humans. Mammary tumours rank second (behind skin tumours) as the most common neoplasm in dogs and constituting more than 50% tumours in bitches.

14.1 NEED FOR ANIMAL DISEASE INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Once the animal disease data are gathered, a few things need to be done with the data so collected. First, they must be managed and quality checked; Secondly, they must be analyzed to be understandable; and thirdly, they must be acted upon. For data to be analyzable and useful for decision-making, they need cautious management and quality control. An information system is the collection of data, people, procedures, hardware, software, files, and data required to accomplish an organized set of functions.

The constituents of an information system are:

• People – those who gather data, those responsible for data input and those responsible for data analysis

• A storage / retrieval / analysis system – which consists of computer hardware and appropriate software

• A feedback delivery system – mechanisms to ensure that processed data are fed back to data gatherers

Animal diseases on livestock farms can have significant impacts on animal health, farm productivity, and economic sustainability. Effective disease management and prevention strategies are crucial to minimize the risk of disease outbreaks and their consequences. Managing animal diseases requires a proactive and collaborative approach involving farm personnel, veterinarians, and animal health authorities. By implementing a combination of prevention, early detection, diagnosis, monitoring, rapid response and control measures, farms can effectively manage and mitigate the impact of diseases on animal health and farm operations. Outlined below are several prevalent animal diseases that can affect farms, along with prevention and management strategies.

Haemorrhagic Septicemia (HS)

It is an acute infectious disease of cattle and buffaloes characterized by sudden onset, high fever, edematous swelling of subcutaneous tissues particularly under the neck, pneumonia and fatal septicemia. HS is highly infectious OIE enlisted disease caused by two specific serotypes of Pasteurella multocida, the Asian serotype B:2 and the African serotype E:2. It causes huge economic losses to dairy farmers of Asia and Africa due to high morbidity and case fatality. The outbreaks of HS are quite common in North region of the country

Animals are exhibited in various ways and events like in fairs, judging shows, in circuses, in zoos and as performing animals. Some famous animal fairs in northern part of the country are Sonepur cattle fair of Bihar. It is the largest cattle fair of Asia, held on the confluence of holy river Ganges and Gandak annually on KartikPoornima in the month of November for the trade of animals such as Cattle, horses,goats,donkeys,camels,birds and elephants. Haathi Bazaar is the major attraction of SonepurMela. Nagaur cattle fair held during the months of January and February. It is the second biggest cattle fair in India. Pushkar Cattle Fair,popularly known as camel fair held for five-days between the months of October and November. Cattle shows are organized time to time where animals are judged for their different characteristics, selecting for their best type, possessing true breed characteristics, dairy conformation, good temperament, proper growth and development according to its age, with optimum condition of fleshing and free from defects. To take part in such shows animals are transported to different places. So, apart from knowledge of restraining methods, concept related to ageing, animal handling (flight zone, point of balance) animal behavioural consideration and welfare indicators are of much importance for transporting and presenting animals in any show. Some of

Introduction

The sun is an abundant source of solar energy (average value on horizontal surface 6 kW m^-2 day^-1), which is freely available. This huge source of energy is non-polluting and inexhaustible in nature. It has the potential of supplementing the conventional energy sources to a great extent. There is acute shortage of conventional energy sources, which affects the overall development. Work on the utilization of such a huge, non-polluting and everlasting energy source has been carried out at CAZRI, Jodhpur for various domestic, industrial and agricultural applications in order to supplement the energy demand. This includes the development of a lot of solar thermal devices, such as, solar still, solar dryer, solar cooker, animal feed solar cooker, solar candle device and cool chamber. The details of some of these devices are given as following.

Subject: Biostatistics and computer application (UNIT-I)

Write true (T) or false (F)

Q1. Write true (T) or false (F)

1. The mean and mode are always equal in case of normal distribution.

2. Pie diagram is circular diagram.

3. Skewness is the measure of asymmetry of distribution.

4. Mean sum of squares are the variances.

5. Coefficient of variation may be utilized for comparing two data of different unit.

6. Goodness fit is tested by t-test.

7. Variance is a measure of central tendency.

8. CRD can be use where experimental material is heterogenous.

9. Frequency polygon is made by joining the middle points of the top of each rectangle of histogram.

History of Genetics

Lamarck (1744-1829): Proposed theory of “Inheritance of acquired characters”.

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882): published his classic book “Origin of Species” in 1859 and proposed theory of evolution and survival of the fittest.

Johann Greger Mendel : Gave laws of heredity in 1866 and is considered as Father of Genetics.

W. Flemming: The term mitosis was first used by Fleming in 1882.

W. Waldeyer: Coined the term “Chromosome” in 1888.

August Weisman: Gave the “Theory of Germplasm” in 1889.

The increase in size and weight of farm animals is the simplest manifestation. The life in the animals begins with a single cell weighing practically nothing, then grow to reach mature weights ranging from 1 kg to 800 kg or more for a bison. Fromconceptionto maturity, animalsgrowth canbe depicted bya sigmoid (S-shaped) graph :

Practically there may be deviation from above pattern due to environmental and nutritional features. Retardation of growth may be observed due to feed scarcity during cold or dry seasons. Vice-versa will happen when there is feed abundance. Intensivehusbandrygenerallyfollows sigmoid growthof animals. Whereas, idealized pattern of growth would be deviated in the growth rate of animals, whenreared undernatural (extensive) conditions;exhibitinginterrupted curves. While growing, development of various parts of the animal, defined as anatomical components (for example legs), as organs (for example liver) or as tissues (for example muscle) grow at different rates. By the time of maturity, the proportions of the animal changes. For example in cattle:

• At birth: Head is relatively large, 6.2 % of the body weight. • At body weight of 100 kg: Head is 4.5 % of body weight.

Introduction Handling and restraining is done to perform different management technique like drenching, dressing, vaccination etc safely, correctly, quickly and painlessly. Procedure • Handling should be done gently • Animal should not be shouted or beaten, always try to call/speak before touching. • Approach animal from behind and from their left side • Head and neck portion should be handled first • Always  have the owner or attendant along with you while handling strange animals Common appliances used in controlling animals 1. Rope: essential tool most often used for restraining animals. Cotton rope is preferred for strength, safety and easy to make knots 2. Halter: It is used as a least harsh of all restrain methods for animals. Halter are used to teach the animal to lead, to routinely handle them for day t

2.1. Introduction

A system of housing is more or less synonymous to the system of management of dairy cattle. Housing is essential to protect the animals from extreme climatic conditions, wild animals and theft. Housing also helps to maintain normal health of the animal by proper feeding, watering and reducing environmental stresses. An efficient housing system ultimately leads to an efficient management and reduce labour requirements to the minimum.

Farming System of India

Based on how income is derived from a farming enterprise: Specialized farming, diversified farming and mixed farming.

Based on mode of ownership and organization of farms: Individually owned, co-operative farming and collective farming

Based on scale of operations: Small scale farming and Large scale farming.

The livestock sector in India is experiencing fast growth in the present era and plays an important role in the Indian economy. Livestock contributes nearly 25% to the agricultural sector output and growing at an annual rate of 4.3% higher than the growth in agricultural sector as a whole (2.8%). Milk production that had been hovering around 20 million tones in 1960’s increased to 102 million tonnes in 2007-08. The egg production also increased from 0.1 billion to 1.0 billion in the last 25 years. Besides production of milk, meat, etc livestock make important contributions to crop production by supplying draught power and dung manure.

Animal husbandry in India is largely a rural activity. Rapid growth in livestock production is desirable not only to sustain agricultural growth, but also to reduce rural poverty especially when a majority of the land holdings are small. Fifty-eight percent of rural households have land holding of less than 2 ha and another thirty two percent have no access to land. Number of these households is likely to increase due to further fragmentation of land holdings. Livestock are thus an important source of income for small farmers, marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers in the rural areas of the country. Products like milk and eggs are steady source of cash income, and live animals are important natural assets for the poor, which can be easily liquidated for cash during emergency. Smallholders and landless together control 75% of the country’s livestock resources, and are capable of producing at a lower cost because of availability of sufficient labour with them. These smallholders earn nearly half of their income from livestock sector.

Introduction 
Chapter 12 explores the pivotal role of animal husbandry and veterinary sciences in managing livestock and ensuring food security while addressing global environmental challenges. The chapter covers various aspects of animal care, including livestock management, nutrition, health, and the broader implications of these practices on food security and climate change. The chapter begins with an examination of livestock management and production systems, focusing on the different systems used in animal husbandry, such as extensive, intensive, and semi-intensive systems. It highlights the principles of efficient livestock management and the need for sustainable practices to optimize productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Animal nutrition and feed management are crucial for maintaining livestock health and productivity. This section discusses the importance of formulating balanced diets that meet the nutritional needs of different animal species, the role of feed management in improving feed efficiency, and the impact of nutrition on animal health and production. Animal health and disease management are central to ensuring the well-being of livestock and preventing the spread of diseases. The chapter explores common animal diseases, methods for disease prevention and control, and the role of veterinary sciences in maintaining herd health and productivity. The importance of animal sciences, poultry science, fish science, and related disciplines in food security is addressed, emphasizing how advancements in these fields contribute to reliable and efficient food production. The chapter highlights how these sciences support the development of sustainable practices and technologies that enhance food security. The impact of these sciences on global warming is examined, focusing on both direct and indirect effects. The chapter discusses how livestock production contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and explores strategies for mitigating these impacts through improved management practices and innovative technologies. Modern concepts in animal sciences, poultry science, and fish science are reviewed, showcasing recent advancements and their implications for sustainable livestock management and food security. The chapter discusses new approaches and technologies that are shaping the future of these fields

Cooperative

A cooperative is a duly registered association of persons, with a common bond of interest that have voluntarily joined together to achieve a lawful common social or economic end, and making equitable contributions to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in accordance with universally accepted cooperative principles.

Cooperative may be defined as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise. It is a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit.

A cooperative may also be defined as a business owned & controlled equally by the people who use its services or who work at it.

The basic objective of every cooperative is to provide goods and services to its members and thus enable them to attain increased income and savings, investments, productivity and purchasing power and promote among them equitable distribution of net surplus through maximum utilization of economies of scale, cost-sharing and risk-sharing without however, conducting the affairs of the cooperative for missionary or charitable purposes.

Rural development programmes are created and maintained for influencing people to make changes in their way of living and of making a living. The existence of such programmes implies that the present situation of the rural people is not what it should and could be, that something different should prevail, and that it is possible through appropriate action to attain a more desirable status for them.

Changes that are important to people are those that help them to meet their needs for biological, economic, social, aesthetic and moral well being. Basically, all programmes for rural development exist to help people to meet their needs. If programmes do this people have their free choices in societies and will not participate for long periods in them. The element of people’s needs, therefore, becomes a central concern of planner for rural development. Hence, the entire process of planning for rural development implies a need for change. But now the question arises that change from what, to what, by whom, where and by what methods?

The society has to find ways to adjust itself so that people meet their needs for an improved economic status, for being more useful citizens and for enjoying a higher degree of social stratification, it must identify these conditions and plan realistically to achieve them. It is the prime concern to identify that what needs do people have ? How can needs be identified? What plan of priority should be set up for meeting people’s needs? What resources are necessary to meet people’s needs? How should resources be organized and directed to help people’s meet their needs? These questions give the key orientation and justification for rural programme planning.

1. Cattle
2. Buffaloes
3. Sheep
4. Goat
5. Swine
6. Camel
7. Rabbit
8. Poultry

Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry is the branch of science concerned with the care and breeding of domestic animals such as cattle, hogs, goat, sheep and horses.

India supports nearly 20% of the world livestock and 16.8% human population with a land area of only 2.3%. India leads in cattle and buffalo population and has world’s second largest goat and third largest sheep population. As per the 19^th Livestock census (2012) cattle (191 millions), buffalo (109 m), Sheep (65 m), goats (135 m), pigs (10.29m), camels (0.4 m) and poultry (729.2 m) population was reported in India. The total livestock population has decreased by about 3.33% over the previous census. India’s milk production increased from 43 million tonnes in 1983 to 155.5 million tonnes in 2015-16 (annual growth of 6.27%) and stands first in milk production in world.. The egg production is around 82.93 billion during 2015-16. The per capita availability is around 66 eggs per annum. The poultry meat production is estimated to be 3.26 million tonnes. Wool production (43.6 million Kgs) and meat production is 7.0 million tonnes in 2015-16.

Livestock plays a vital role in any country’s economy as animals are a source of livelihood for people, providing milk, meat, and fur, and are used for agricultural work. Hence, the loss of animals due to disease or any other reason results in loss of wealth, livelihood, and nutrition. In view of this, management of mortality on farms is of utmost importance. There are different ways to manage and dispose of dead animals. The acceptable methods to manage mortality include composting, rendering, incineration, landfills, burial, and disposal pits. Composting is one of the options for managing mortality on farms. Composting is the decomposing of carcasses by natural processes, viz the use of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms to convert organic matter into a stable product called compost. Composting involves the degradation of the carcass by anaerobic bacteria to convert it into liquid material with odor and gases such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia)The anaerobic process produces heat that kills many viruses and bacteria and allows the growth of only heat-tolerant bacteria)The temperature continues to rise and peaks between 130 to 160 0F. Composting requires a source of energy

Historical Aspects: Eighteenth Century: Antoine Lavoisier, a French scientist was known to be as ‘Founder of science of nutrition’. He established chemical basis of nutrition in his respiration experiments and introduced balance, thermometer in his studies. Along with Laplace, he designed a calorimeter through which it was demonstrated that respiration is the essential source of body heat. Even they started realizing that something is there like – carbohydrate, protein, fat and a need was felt for their investigation. But due to bad luck, French revolution took place and Lavoisier’s career was ended by
Guillotine (be – heading). As a result, further studies on nutrition suffered a setback for several years.
Second half of 19th century: Babcock, an American dairy scientist observed that feeds of different sources were eaten by animals, but there was ‘no way of knowing’, what particular contribution each of those feeds was making to animal’s needs. Therefore, he conceived the idea of trying the rations made up of entirely from a ‘single plant’. He was criticized that his research was highly impractical. Later, his younger colleagues pursued this idea in another experiment. They planned their experiment more meticulously with a greater number of animals by feeding single crop rations. But at that time, they couldn’t conclude irrespective of their exhaustive chemical studies of feeds, excreta, tissues of dead calves. It was later on that; the new discoveries provided the ‘true answer’. Later, based on this previous experience, ‘Purified diet method’ was undertaken: carbohydrate as pure starch, fat as pure lard or oil, protein as pure casein along with some minerals then known to be essential. It was revealed that there were certain other nutritionally essentials which were very important.

Introduction

Advancement in agricultural research has increased productivity however, in recent years, poor linkage of research - extension services hampering the growth of agriculture sector. Firstly, the research problems are investigated without considering the priority of agricultural producers Secondly, knowledge generated at the agriculture research stations is not effectively transferred to the producers. Many studies have identified the weaknesses in the linkages between the research and extension institutions are the major reason for development of technology and its transfer. In most countries including our country, the communication between research and extension agencies is weak (USAID 1982, FAO 1984). Research-extension-farmer linkages are seen to be absent or weak in many instances. At the same time, there are duplications of efforts, with a multiplicity of agents attending to extension work without adequate coordination (Planning Commission, 2008). This ineffective linkage between research and extension has impeded the generation and transfer of technology appropriate for small-scale and resource poor farmers, particularly those who work in relatively low productive and heterogeneous agro-ecological areas (Ewell 1989). Problems in technology generation and transfer arise because these components are considered in isolation (World Bank 1985).

Partitioning of Energy in Livestock

Energy Partitioning

Partitioning of energy involves loss and distribution of feed energy into different body functions.

Gross energy is calculated from the heat produced when a sample of feed or feces is subjected to complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter under a pressurized oxygen atmosphere.

Apparent digestible energy is the difference between the gross energy of the feed consumed and the gross energy of the feces excreted. Digestion is accompanied by the production of gases in both fore- and hindgut and by the urinary excretion of metabolites.

Metabolizable energy is the difference between digestible energy and energy lost to gases and urine. Metabolic processes and physical activity produce heat (heat of production) which may warm the animal in cold weather. In hot weather, energy may be required to expel excess heat of production, through panting and increased respiratory rate.

Net energy is the remaining energy available for maintenance, reproduction and production. The diagram on the left illustrates energy partitioning for a particular cow near the end of her lactation. Energetic efficiency of this cow is about 29%, expressed as output in the form of milk, gain and fetal growth divided by gross energy input. Although their energy requirements are significantly greater, higher producing cows are also more energetically efficient.

Veterinary oncology is an upcoming field in recent years due to the integration of the importance of spontaneous canine cancers in understanding and developing novel strategies for human cancer management. We are stepping towards a very exciting era in veterinary oncology, where comparative oncology has played a significant role for many decades in understanding the molecular basis of cancer in companion animals. The comparative animal models have generated remarkable interest in both academia and industry. Studies have demonstrated the utility of comparative oncology in understanding drug resistance and tumor biology, contributing to the translational research[1]. This has yielded breakthrough discoveries, from advanced diagnostics to novel therapies, providing opportunities to improve the longevity and quality of life of the pets. These inputs have led to advancements such as the first conditionally approved chemotherapeutic agent for lymphoma, novel BRAF testing for canine urothelial carcinoma, tyrosine kinase inhibitors for mast cell tumors, updates in stereotactic/FLASH radiation, and novel immunotherapeutics. As the understanding of cancer biology has advanced, the field of veterinary oncology has grown significantly, paralleling developments in human oncology. Veterinary oncologists treat a variety of cancers in domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, but also in exotic animals, horses, and even zoo animals. While the types of cancers in animals share similarities with human cancers, treatment strategies can differ significantly due to species-specific differences in anatomy, physiology, and response to therapies [2, 3].

• Neoplasm General

• Neoplasm in cattle and buffaloes

• Neoplasm in sheep and goat

• Neoplasm in equines, swine and camels

• Neoplasms in pet animals

• Neoplasms in poultry

• Neoplasms in wild animals

• Neoplasms in laboratory animals

1.    Pasteurization can be used to destroy

(a) Soamtic cells

(b) Bacteria

(c) Antibiotics

(d) All of these

2.    The higher amount of total solids in milk will result in

(a) Increased heat stability

(b) Decreased heat stability

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) Decreased or increased heat stability depending upon temperature

Animals worldwide provide meat, milk, eggs, draft power, skins, transportation, and a variety of other useful items. India has a vast livestock population with a diverse spectrum of species. Animal husbandry plays an important role in the life of rural farmers. Animal breeding is an area of science concerned with sound animal husbandry methods. Animal breeding is the use of genetics and reproductive physiology to improve the genetic makeup of animals. The goal of animal breeding is to improve not only individual animals, but the entire animal population. The breeder has two basic tools namely selection and breeding for genetic improvement of livestock. The kinds of selection are natural and artificial selection. In artificial selection, breeder has choice to choose superior animals over the average of population for desired traits and allow them to produce offspring for future generation. Animals are selected using four criteria (basis): individual selection, pedigree selection, family selection, and progeny testing selection. Individual selection selects animals based on their own performances.  Individuals are chosen through pedigree selection using ancestral records. In Family selection,

Type and Potential of Organic Residues

A number of diverse sources of organic materials are available for recycling in agriculture. These are mostly of plant origin and recycled either directly or after having being used as feed or food by animals and humans. In view of high organic content and mineral nutrients in the biomass, these are considered as valuable inputs to improve the soil fertility and crops production. Organic resources are low cost inputs but are valuable based on its potential for nutrients and organic matter content.

Attractive Features of Organic Resources

• Organic matter is the basic resource of several essential plant nutrients.

• It buffers the effects of pH dependent changes on nutrient availability.

• They are generated close to their use.

• They are renewable as they are generated regularly.

• With increasing demand for increasing food production, the potential of organic resources is expected to rise.

• Farmers are familiar with organic resources from time immemorial.

1. The normal gestation period of buffalo is

   a) 280 days

   b) 290 days

   c) 300 days

   d) 310 days

2. The best crop of silage making is

   a) Maize

   b) Jowar

   c) Bajra

   d) Lucerne

Introduction

The compassionate treatment of animals and consideration for their well-being is an important aspect of livestock farming. Compassions needs to be an integral part of livestock farming as livestock are sentient being. Positive human experiences during handling are essential for ensuring the welfare of animals. Humans play a significant role in the environment of production animals, particularly in commercial cattle production where daily interaction occurs. Intensively farmed animals endure negative emotions that diminish their welfare. For instance, they experience fear from unfamiliar stimuli or from being separated from their social group (Jones, 2011), as well as stress, pain and frustration due to the obstruction of naturally driven behaviors (Dawkins 1998) or the absence of predictability and control over their surroundings (Bassett et al, 2007), along with boredom stemming from insufficient environmental stimulation (Wemelsfelder, 1993). Compassion is a fundamental virtue in veterinary practice, and female-owned businesses in this sector often exhibit this attitude. Compassion, the highest quality of women, is highly valued in veterinary practice, and women-owned enterprises are perfect example of this. They place a high value on compassionate care, acknowledging the close bond between people and animals and making sure each animal gets the attention and assistance they require by focusing on improving the quality of life for all animals and their loving owners.

Slaughter is an act of killing or destruction of animals for food purpose and includes all processes and operations on all such animals in order to prepare it for being slaughtered. It is an expert act requires expertise and willingness. Slaughter is necessarily to be performed in a slaughter house recognized or licensed by authority empowered under law for the time being in force to do so.  Only authorized animals are to be slaughtered for food purpose and restricted animals or animals prohibited for slaughter should not be converted into meat in any case. Animals in pregnancy, has offspring less than three months or under the age of three months, animals not certified by veterinarian for fitness should never be slaughtered. Slaughterman should also have a valid license or authorization issued by municipal or other authority. The persons below eighteen years of age and suffering from communicable or infectious diseases shall not be permitted to slaughter an animal.

SYNOPSIS

Animal source foods (ASF) include any food item that comes from an animal source such as meat, milk, fish, eggs, cheese and yogurt. Many individuals do not consume ASF or consume little ASF by either personal choice or necessity as ASF may not be accessible or available to these people. Animals are used as food either directly or indirectly by the products they produce. Animal source foods (ASF) include any food item that comes from an animal source such as meat, milk, fish, eggs, cheese and yogurt.

Summary

Animal tissue culture is a biological technique in which a piece of tissue is taken from an animal specimen and cells from this tissue are grown and maintained in an in vitro or artificial environment (Harrison, 1907). Aim of cell / tissue culture is actually to make cells as happy in the in vitro conditions, as they are in their natural environment. The objective of this chapter is to highlight those principles and procedures that have particular relevance to the use of cell culture in tissue engineering.

1 History

Animals are culturally worshipped and revered as gods in India by different communities such as cow as Kamadhenu by Hindu religion. The scientific study of animal welfare has rapidly grown during last few years. Many religions follow principles of ahimsa such as Jains and Hindus do not harm cattle; Muslims do not harm pigs etc. Thus caring for welfare of animals is an inborn attitude of majority of Indians. As per the Indian tradition and culture, animals always had a respect and a special place in society. Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism have always preached kindness and compassion to animals. Each Hindu God or Goddess is seen with an associated animal as vehicle or incarnation. For example, Lord Krishna was a shepherd and is seen with a cow, Lord Rama with the monkeys, Lord Vishnu with the eagle and Lord Shiva with a snake around his neck and the bull ‘Nandi’ at his feet, Goddess Saraswati is the goddess of wisdom and literacy is seen with swan.