eChapters

16.1 Process of Ripening of Worms
Closer to the end of the fifth stage, the silkworm stops ingesting and turns into the so-called mature larva and starts spinning the cocoon. Properly reared worms, when ripe, will attempt to spin true cocoons even below incorrect conditions. However, it needs to be remembered that the worm spinning the cocoon is to defend itself from outside disturbances and enemies all through the maximum crucial period of its metamorphosis. The rearer can get the reward for his labour most effective, if he cooperates by making the situations such that, through spinning a commercially good cocoon it also most correctly protects itself. This cooperation is composed in imparting the ripe silkworm with appropriate mountages to facilitate its spinning of suitable cocoons. The eating duration throughout the fifth instar may close for 5 to 7 days in the case of multivoltine and bivoltine races in the tropical regions and 7 to 9 days in the case of bivoltine and univoltine races in sub-tropical areas. The mature worm is effectively distinguishable by its translucent colour. The frame also shrinks with duration; there is also a constriction seen on the 4th and 5th segments. The worm loses appetite and begins to look approximately as although on the lookout for a appropriate area to which to attach itself. Generally, the ripening worms circulate in the direction of the periphery of the rearing trays in search of anchorage to begin spinning of cocoons. This is the time for selecting the ripe worms and putting them on mountages. This process is known as ‘mounting’. It has to be remembered that all the worms in a tray do not ripen simultaneously. It commonly happens that by the time all the worms in a tray are ripe, a number of the early worms can be over-ripe. They could have misplaced a quantity of silk by the point they are picked up, and they are furthermore in a hurry to spin their cocoons that they continue to do it anyways, without ready to select a right location, and as a consequence produce irregularly formed and flattened or sticky cocoons causing loss to the rearer.

This practical assignment is conceptualized in a way that students will gain a deeper understanding of the rural situation and can prioritize the rural needs which will eventually help in achieving overall development of the rural people.

PURPOSE

To gain a deeper understanding of the rural situation.

To encourage students to analyze the needs of the rural people on priority basis and thereby helping in planning effectively for rural development.

To acquaint the students with the areas that needs to be more strengthened in case of achieving overall development of the rural people.

Garden Rakes

1.For use with moving debris.

2.Aids in the cleaning process.

3.Proper use is with two hands.

IDENTIFICATION OF ANIMALS

It has been in practice since long, not recent item in livestock farming. In earlier day’s in Egyptian era, people used to mark the animal to identify their animals. But in recent days, due to development in bio-medical science where usage of animal has increased within turn has become necessary to establish a suitable identification method for various species of animal. There are many methods available to identified animal, however the methods employed should be simple, economical and easy to identify animal and should be harmless to animal, quickly applicable and should be suitable to experiment conducted.

7.1 Introduction
The three factors used to categorise silkworm races are: (1) origin, (2) voltinism and (3) moulting. In addition, they are categorised according to their shape and colour. For more than 2,000 years, people have tamed and raised the silkworm Bombyx mori. It is a monophagous insect that exclusively consumes the leaves of mulberries. As a result, mulberry silk is typically meant when the word “silk” is used.
7.2 Classification Based on the Place of Origin
(a) Indian Races: Native to South East Asia and India; these races are indigenous. They have a longer larval stage and can withstand high humidity and temperatures. The larvae and cocoon are modest in size. The cocoon is often spindle-shaped and coloured in shades of green, yellow, or golden yellow. With a lower shell percentage, the cocoon shell is thin and most of them are multivoltine.
(b) Japanese Races: Japan’s indigenous races comprise this group. The larvae are strong. The cocoon resembles a peanut. The majority of cocoons are white, while some are yellow in hue. There are more double cocoons in the ratio. The silk strand is thick and short and of poor quality and are bivoltine or univoltine.

This practical assignment deals with identification of emerging enterprises in agricultural sector and helps students in identifying the emerging enterprises suitable for the study area on the basis of the situational analysis.

PURPOSE

 To provide a comprehensive idea about different enterprises.

 To acquaint the students with different factors which are essential for identifying emerging enterprises in agricultural sector.

This assignment is associated with the identification and recognition of different characteristics and features related to entrepreneurship development within the individual.

PURPOSE

 To make students acquainted with the characteristics favorable for entrepreneurial activity of people.

 To help the students develop their skill in identifying the entrepreneurial traits one can have within him/her.

Identification / familiarization of various feed ingredients: As per National Research Council (N. R. C.), there are 8 main groups of feedstuffs. (1) Dry forages and roughages; All forage and roughage cut and cured are included in this category. These are bulky feeds with low digestibility. Crude fibre is more than 18 % and Total digestible is less than 60 % because of high cell wall contents. For example: dry grass (hay), wheat straw, paddy straw, oat straw, stovers (aerial part without ears), husk (maize) or aerial part without heads (sorghum), hulls and shells. (2) Pasture range plants, tree leaves and forages; Roughage either harvested or without harvesting (fresh) are included in this group. For example: pasture grass, range plants, tree leaves, green forages (legume and non – legume). (3) Silage; only ensiled forages are included. For example: legume non – legume silages. (4) Energy or basal feeds; Feeds are of low protein content, having crude protein less than 20 %, crude fibre less than 18 % and Total digestible nutrients more than 60 %. For example: cereal grains, milk by – products, fruits, nuts, roots etcetera; (5) Protein supplements; Feeds are of high protein , more than 20 %, crude fibre less than 18 % and Total digestible nutrients more than 60 %. For example: animal, marine, avian, and plant products. Meat meal, fish meal, oil seeds, and their cakes etcetera; (6) Mineral supplements; These are natural or pure elements. For example: composite mineral mixture or specific mineral supplements; (7) Vitaminsupplements; These are natural or pu e forms. For example: composite vitamin  pre–mix or specific vitamin supplements; (8) Feed additives; these are for improving efficiency of utilization of feeds. Number of examples have been cited elsewhere in this book [theoretical part above].

1. Mango

Varieties released from I.A.R.I., New Delhi

Malliaka: (Neelum x Dashehari)

This variety was released in 1971. Tree moderate, semi-vigorous to vigorous, moderate spreading, bearing moderately and regular. Fruit large, ovate-oblong; beak slight, sinus absent, peel thick, apricot yellow; flesh firm, fibreless. Fruit quality superb with excellent sugar acid blend., TSS (24-20° Brix), good keeping quality (15 days). It is suitable for table and canning purposes. Maturity during 3^rd – 4^th week of July.

8.1. Malformation

8.1.1. Fusarium

The classical example of Fusarium infection is Fusarium moniliforme which induces malformation in inflorescence, causing mango malformation disease.

The fungal mycelial morphology may vary significantly on different media, and the descriptions here are based upon growth on potato flakes agar (PFA) at 25° C with on and off fluorescent light cycles of approximately 12 h each. The mycelial colony has rapid growth.

5.1. Gummosis

5.1.1. Phytophthora\

Phytophtora citrophthora, Phytophtora nicotianae, Phytophtora syringae are the phytophthora species associated with citrus gummosis; while Phytophtora pistaciae sp. nov. and Phytophtora melonis are the principal causes of pistachio gummosis.

6.1. Leaf Spot, Blight, and Blast

Leaf spots are irregular or round blemishes found on either side or both sides of the leaves. A typical spot is “zonal,” meaning it has a definite edge and a darker border. When lots of spots are present, they can grow together to cover the larger areas of the leaves. Different fungi are responsible for the leaf spots and sometimes a particular fungus causes a peculiar type of leaf spot and includes the fungi.

9.1. Fruit Spot and Blisters

9.1.1. Colletotrichum

The pathogen forms papery or watery brownish areas at the site of infection, with a large number of acervuli on the infected parts. In the acervulus, the conidiophores are slightly curved, short, and club-shaped. The conidia are hyaline and falcate, borne singly on the conidiophores. Numerous black colored and thick-walled setae are also produced in the acervulus. In culture, most isolates produce cottony, fluffy, or suppressed colonies (Fig. 9.1).

10.1. Black Tip

The black tip of grain infection is mostly observed on the wheat grains.

The fungal pathogen involved in causing the black tip of grain includes the species of the fungal genus Alternaria and Helminthosporium.

10.1.1. Alternaria

The genus stands distinct from other genera by its transversely and longitudinally septate (muriform) conidia. The conidia are usually formed in chains. These are dark brown, typically obclavate with a distinct oval body and beak.

11.1. Fruit Rots

11.1.1. Alternaria

Please refer “Alternaria” section in Chapter 10.

11.1.2. Colletotrichum

Please refer “Colletotrichum” section in Chapter 9.

11.1.3. Fusarium

Please refer “Fusarium” section in Chapter 10.

4.1. Damping Off

4.1.1. Pythium

Pythium has filamentous (thread-like), hyaline, and coenocytic (non-septate) mycelial growth. The asexual or vegetative stage of Pythium produces sporangia (that germinate directly to produce a hypha or indirectly to give rise to a vesicle outside the sporangium, within which zoospores are formed) and sometimes hyphal swellings (spherical sporangia-like structures that do not give rise to zoospores).

7.1. Die-Back

7.1.1. Colletotrichum

The pathogen forms a large number of acervuli on the infected parts. The conidiophores are slightly curved, short, and club-shaped. The conidia are hyaline and falcate, borne singly on the conidiophores. Numerous black colored and thick-walled setae are also produced in acervulus. In culture, most isolates produce cottony, fluffy, or suppressed colonies (Fig. 7.1).

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to utilize thermal infra red remote sensing data to find the location of heat processing units which contribute to high temperatures. These industries occur as anomalous pixels in urban area on the temperature map derived from the thermal remote sensing data. The night scenes of ASTER thermal infra red data were used for this study. It is concluded that analysis of temporal thermal remote sensing data can be used as a tool in environmental impact assessment and management. The temperature maps can be helpful in decision making process of siting / relocation of heat producing industries in and around cities.

1. INTRODUCTION

For sustainable industrial development, management and regular monitoring of the industries is needed. Knowledge of industrial impacts on the environment is an essential for environmental impact assessment and management. Thermal remotes sensing techniques can be applied for this.

1. Introduction

In the last few decades there has been worldwide revival on the use of herbal drugs/phytochemical for diverse purposes including medicinal, nutritional and as cosmetic. The revival of interest in natural drugs and the herbal products was due to the widespread belief that ‘green’ medicine is healthier than synthetic products. This has led to the rapid spurt of demand for health products like herbal tea, ginseng and such products of traditional medicine during the 1980s. The health promotion and disease prevention strategy in treatment is widely prevalent in oriental systems, especially the Indian (‘Ayurveda’, ‘Siddha’, ‘Unani and ‘Amchi’) and the Chinese systems of medicine, which are finding increasing popularity and acceptance in the world over. Because of this sweeping ‘greenwave’ a large number of herbal drugs and the plant derived herbal products are sold in the health food shops all over the developed countries. Export– Import Bank reports revealed that the global trade of plant-derived and plant originated products is around US $60 billion (with growth of 7% per annum) where India holds stake of US $1 billion which is expected to reach 3 trillion US$ by the end of 2015 (Pandey et al. 2008). These targets can be achieved by providing scientifically validated, safe and standardized herbal products in domestic and international markets.

Standardization is an important step for the establishment of a consistent biological activity, a consistent chemical profile, or simply a quality assurance programme for production and manufacturing of herbal drugs. It is now well known that the pharmacological activity of a medicinal plants is due to the presence of certain bioactive phytochemicals, which are either primary or secondary metabolites. Amount of these compounds are controlled and conditioned by a variety of factors such as its genetic predisposition, habitat of the plant agro climatic conditions, season and also the stage of growth and development of the plant etc. Therefore, it is desirable to study the effect of these on secondary metabolites to get the right/optimum amount of secondary metabolites in the plant part/raw drug. The formation of herbal drug based on the traditional knowledge using modern tools is the requirement of the present day. WHO’s specific guidelines for the assessment of the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal medicines as a prerequisite for global harmonization are of utmost importance. Considering the importance of the herbal drugs/products, quality assurance of raw drug/formulation and developing botanical and chemical parameters for assuring their quality, have become major riders on the pharma or drug research and industry.

Blood Sample collection

Blood samples (5 ml per goat) will be collected aseptically from the jugular vein in a vacutainer tube (B.D. Bioscience, Germany) containing EDTA as anticoagulant and transferred to the laboratory in an ice box.

Isolation of Genomic DNA

The Genomic DNA will be isolated from the blood samples by ‘Phenol: chloroform isolation’ method as described by Sambrook and Russel (2001). The steps for isolation of genomic DNA are as follows: