eChapters

12.1. Instruments panel

12.1.1. Oil pressure gauge

Indicates oil pressure in Kgf/cm²

The analytical work in a soil-testing laboratory mainly involves standard chemical methods, suitably modified to permit handling of a large number of soil samples with the required degree of accuracy and speed. Many of the analytical operations are carried out more conveniently with help of common as well as sophisticated instruments.

The various instrumental measurements followed in soil and water-testing work in the laboratory can be broadly divided into two groups:

1) Determination of pH and electrical conductivity

2) Colorimetric, spectrophotometric

LICENSE, REGISTRATION & INSURANCE FOR DOGS

To keep dog, license from local Municipality or Panchayat. Only when certified for vaccination against rabies is shown, license is given to rear dog.

Registeration of Pups

Pups from the registered parent should be registered as soon as it is born.

Pups should be registered with Kennel club. Registered usually where parents are registered. Immediately after the birth, pup should be registered.

Dog Show

Most registered Kennel clubs conduct Dog show. They allow the dog to participate only if it is registered with the club. Usually Kennel club avoid prizes to animal. To give prize, they should have the following classification :

Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) and Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) were initiated by the government to guarantee funds to SC/STs both at State and Centre in pro portion to the size of their respective population. It was in 1974-75 in the Fifth Five Year Plan period that the Government of India introduced the policy of the Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) and later in 1979-80 in the Sixth Five Year Plan period the Special Component plan (SCP) which was renamed as Scheduled Caste Sub Plan in April, 2006 and renamed as Allocation for the Welfare of Scheduled Caste (AWSC) in February, 2017.Specifically, the SCSP and TSP mandated that pub lic resources towards SC/ ST welfare must be earmarked in proportion to their share in total population.The Narendra Jadhav Committee was constituted by the Planning Commission in 2010 in this regard.Every year, the Union Budget makes allocations exclusively for the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe.This fund is spent through the Scheduled Caste Sub Plan (SCSP) and the Tribal Sub Plan (TSP).As per the recommendations of the committee the earmarking of funds for all Central Ministries/Departments taken together should be at least 16.2% and 8.2% of the total Plan outlay respectivel under the SCSP and the TSP. The aim of such dedicated allocation is to promote nutritional security, livelihood security and entrepreneurship among these communities.

Stride of ICAR-IIVR and Operational Are

Amid nutritional and livelihood security of tribal population ICAR- Indian Insti tute of Vegetable Research (ICAR-IIVR), Varanasi has adopted 2724 tribal house holds from 24 villages of six clusters namely Faripan, Manvasa, Bakuliya, Chet wa, Jugail, Dahakudandi of Sonbhadra district of Uttar Pradesh and one cluster from Ranchi, Jharkhand for implementation of TSP programme of the institute. Similarly 2566 Scheduled Caste (SC) households have been adopted from 33 vil lages of five different clusters of Varanasi, Mirzapur and Chandauli districts for implementing SCSP programme.

Agriculture has been very successful in addressing the food and fiber needs of today’s world population. However, there are increasing concerns about the economic, environmental and social costs of this success. Integrated agricultural systems may provide a means to address these concerns while increasing sustainability. Integrated agricultural systems have multiple enterprises that interact in space and time, resulting in a synergistic resource transfer among enterprises. In an integrated agricultural system, management decisions, such as type and amount of commodities to produce, are predetermined. Full integration of agricultural systems at the producer or community scale may help in slowing or reversing some of the detrimental environmental and economic problems associated with specialized industrial agriculture. Modern agriculture requires intensive inputs.

Introduction

• Successful horticultural production is not possible without sufficient moisture regimes and for that, the appropriate techniques should be adopted.

• In the total cultivated land of India, 75 % of land contributed as a rainfed area or dry land area in which 60% with semi-arid and 19.3 % of area with arid zone.

• The irrigation facilities are covered only 38 % of the total cultivated land of the country.

• The moisture is always the limiting factor in arid area.

• So, conservation of soil moisture or water management is the most important task for arid fruit production.

• Out of total cultivated area of Horticultural production, l lakh ha is under arid or semi-arid.

• In arid area, some fruit crops with specials features are adapted for their production. So, in this area, the soil moisture conservation or the water harvesting techniques is the prime important tools for crop production with best management systems.

Abstract

In the present study an integrated remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) based methodology is adopted for demarcating the groundwater prospective zones and identification of artificial recharge sites in the Peddavanka watershed, Andhra Pradesh. In this study Shuttle Radar Topograhic Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) with spatial resolution of 90 m and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1A), Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS- III) satellite data along with other field and collateral data on geology and well inventory have been utilized to generating the Drainage, Slope, Lineaments and Hydro geomorphology of the study area, which are an essential prerequisites for demarcating water resources and identification of recharge sites. Spatial data integration and analyses are carried out in GIS environment.

Keywords : DEM, Drainage, Hydrogeomorphology, Groundwater prospective zones, Remote sensing, GIS

1.0 Introduction

Groundwater is an important natural resource in arid and semi- arid regions, because most of the places surface water resources are scarce and some places it’s totally absent particularly in hard rock areas. Because in hard rock terrains availability of groundwater is of limited extent and its occurrence is essentially confined to fractured and weathered zones (Saraf and choudhury 1998, Sankar 2002). In these areas groundwater recharge depends on rainfall only. For understanding rainfall recharge mechanism and groundwater management in the watersheds level, first we have to understand the morphometric parameters in the watershed level.

3.1 Integrated Insect Pests Management

1. Anar butterfly [Deudorix (Virachola) isocrates Fabricus]

Pomegranate fruit borer or pomegranate butterfly is the most widespread, polyphagous and destructive pest distributed all over India and common in Asia. Peak incidence is during the month of August in monsoon season, while it is more during November/December in winter crop. Infestation from flowering to button stage causing loss up to 50 per cent of the fruit. Adult bluish brown butterfly, female with V shaped patch on forewing. Full-grown larvae are dark brown with short hair and white patches all over the body and measures about 16 to 20mm long. The larvae bore into the pomegranate fruits soon after hatching. Once inside the fruit, larvae (approx 2cm length) feed on the flesh and seeds.  The bored hole is plugged by the last abdominal segment of the larva. When fully grown, the larva comes out by boring through the hard shell and spins a web, which ties the fruit, stalk to the main branch. Offensive smell and excreta of caterpillars coming out of the entry holes with excreta stuck around the holes. The fruits rot and drop off. The holes ultimately expose the rest of the fruit to disease, and typically rot off the tree.

Integrated disease management (IDM) needs competence in three broad areas
I. Prevention
II. Monitoring
III. Intervention

Integrated disease management includes use of physical, cultural, biological, chemical and biotechnological for disease management. It may comprise computer aided sampling, decision making, improved farm tools & equipment.Farmers are the primary decision makers in Integrated disease management programs. They have to decide individually and collectively how to manage all diseases that may harm crops.

With some important exceptions, applied plant pathology was for many years rather single minded. It aimed at eradication or total exclusion of a plant disease , and it relied largely on a single control method, application of chemical poisons.

Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is an approach to controlling plant diseases that combines multiple management strategies to minimize the risk of disease development and spread. IDM integrates biological, chemical, cultural, and physical control methods in a coordinated and complementary way. The primary goal of IDM is to keep disease levels below economically damaging thresholds while reducing reliance on chemical inputs, preserving environmental quality, and promoting sustainability in agricultural systems.
Concept of Integrated Disease Management (IDM)
IDM is designed to harmonize various disease control measures in a way that limits disease progression without relying heavily on any single method. Its goal is to maintain disease levels below an economic threshold where the
cost of intervention is justified by the gains in crop yield and quality. IDM emphasizes preventing disease outbreaks through the judicious use of all available management tools, ensuring that environmental and human health risks are minimized.

Introduction

In the field of agriculture, integrated disease management (IDM) refers to a technique that is both comprehensive and sustainable. Its purpose is to successfully control plant diseases while simultaneously reducing negative consequences on the environment and assuring long-term output. This is a plan that is based on scientific research and incorporates a variety of illness management strategies in order to reach the best potential result. IDM seeks to achieve a balance between the economic viability of the project, the preservation of the environment, and the well-being of the community.

In order to keep plant populations healthy and produce maximum yields, integrated disease management (IDM) places an emphasis on prevention, early diagnosis, and the use of a number of methods. This strategy is especially important in contemporary agriculture, where reducing the quantity of chemical inputs and fostering techniques that are environmentally friendly are of the utmost importance.

Introduction

Arid Horticulture denotes cultivation of fruits and vegetables under dry and arid regions. Arid region in India is stretched over 39.54 million ha (31.71 million ha is under hot arid region and 7.38 million ha under cold arid region) comprising about 12.02% of the total area of the country. Most of the precipitation in north-western arid region takes place from July to September. Occasional frost has also been a grave issue for horticultural crops, especially, aonla and moringa (Dhandar and Saroj, 2004). The region is exemplified by low and erratic rainfall with extremes of temperature (1–48°C), high wind velocity and sandy soils (Bhandari et al. 2014). Growing of annual crops restricted only a particular season of the year is the merely source of livelihood for the inhabitant of these region. These crops often encounter abiotic stresses like drought, hot and desiccating winds during their growth period leading to poor productivity. These regions have tremendous potential for cultivation of perennial fruit trees.

Integrated Disease Management (IDM) in horticultural crops is a multifaceted approach aimed at mitigating the impact of plant diseases while ensuring sustainable production systems. Recognizing the complex interactions between pathogens, plants, and the environment, IDM integrates various control measures, including cultural, biological, chemical, and genetic strategies. Cultural practices such as crop rotation, proper sanitation, and selection of disease-resistant cultivars form the foundation of IDM, reducing disease pressure and creating unfavourable conditions for pathogen development. Biological control agents, including beneficial microbes and natural enemies of plant pathogens, play a crucial role in regulating disease populations and promoting plant health. Chemical interventions, when necessary, are judiciously applied and integrated with other strategies to minimize environmental impact and preserve beneficial organisms. Advances in molecular genetics have also contributed to IDM through the development of disease-resistant crop varieties with enhanced genetic resistance to specific pathogens. Overall, IDM offers a holistic and sustainable approach to disease management in horticultural crops, emphasizing proactive measures to prevent disease outbreaks and minimize the need for reactive interventions. Continued research, education, and collaboration among stakeholders are essential for advancing IDM practices and ensuring their effective implementation in horticultural production systems.

Introduction

Integrated disease management in horticultural crops are of paramount importance these days, keeping in view that a single management practice cannot control multiple diseases in a particular agro ecological system. It is therefore worthwhile that all management practices are integration of cultural, physical, biological and chemical control strategies. The routine application of fungicides for insurance purposes is not appropriate, as it does not focus the proper attention on the real problem and can lead to resistance and potential environmental issues. Fungal, bacterial, viral diseases cause a great damage to the horticultural crops thus resulting in economic losses to the farmers. The extent of damage varies from year to year, location wise and variety involved. The pathogens responsible for causing diseases affect the crop at various stages of their development right from seedling stage to harvest. The manifestation of a disease can be in the form of different symptoms viz., damping off, leaf spot, blight, wilt, etc. It is thus important to properly identify a particular disease in a crop on knowledgeable basis to reach a particular end of profitability. As such, a proper disease diagnosis is of paramount importance.

In Indian Agriculture pulses play an important role in maintaining soil fertility and supplying protein to the vegetarian population of the country. This is because they are endowed with unique property of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in their root nodules and improving soil physical property. Further, it is not only the high protein content of pulses for which they are important, but the amino acid profile of these proteins is such that the mixed diet of cereals and pulses has superior biological value than either of the components alone.

The global importance of cereal crops to the human diet and moreover to the written history of man and agriculture cannot be overstated. Cereal grains are the fruit of plants belonging to the grass family (Gramineae) most important group of food crops produced in the world. Nutritionally, they are important sources of dietary protein, carbohydrates, complex vitamin B, vitamin E, iron, trace of minerals, and fiber. It has been estimated that global cereal consumption directly provides about 50 per cent of protein and energy necessary for the human diet. Some cereals, notably wheat, contain proteins that form gluten, which is essential for making bread. Major cereal crops produced worldwide include wheat, rice and maize. Wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, and millet are produced in large quantities in India.

Integrated Disease Management

Disease control is, managing the plant disease severity below the economic threshold following economically viable, eco-friendly and easily operational procedures. The position of IDM in the overall agricultural system indicates clearly that it is an important sub-system and interacts with other such systems that fall under the cropping system.

Introduction

Fruits, oldest forms of food known to man, are not only good source of nutrition to the body but also have medicinal property and treat ailments. Fruits like apple, lemon, orange and pomegranate aid in proper functioning of the heart. Nutrients in apple, date and mangoes sharpens memory, prevents exhaustion, hysteria, insomnia and mental tension. All berries are rich in iron, phosphorus and sodium which are essential minerals for blood building and nervous system strengthening. Liver ailments, indigestion and rheumatism can be cured by the use of Lemons. Watermelons are good kidney cleansers. Pineapple, pomegranates help in soothing inflammation of nose, throat, fever and other chronic or bronchial ailments. Grapefruit juice is an effective aid for common cold. Fresh and ripe fruits like grapes, apples, bananas and figs are good for all brain deficiencies. Even the kernel of walnut is a helpful remedy for weakness of the brain.

The overuse of chemical pesticides and farmers’ improper application of them have resulted in a number of issues, including residue in food, feed, and fodder; resistance developing; resurgence, secondary outbreaks; and, most importantly, pollution of the environment. This has caused a condition known as Pesticide Treadmill, which is characterized by the need to apply ever-increasing amounts of chemical pesticides. Integrated Pest/Management was developed as an environmentally sound substitute for the exclusive use of chemicals after Rachel Carson’s book “Silent Spring” in 1962 sparked widespread concern about the overuse of pesticides.
The IDM Concept
In disease management, every alternative control strategy—cultural, biological, mechanical, resistant varieties, physical, etc.—is applied in combination to keep the disease below the threshold of economic injury . In order to control the disease, pesticides are employed if it spreads and hits the economic threshold. With consideration for the agro-ecosystem, this approach to integrated disease management uses the minimum amount of pesticides possible. In reality, we don’t aim for complete control while managing diseases—rather, we let them progress below what is tolerable, such as the economic threshold. Additionally, it offers agents the chance to endure by controlling the diseases and maintaining a particular state of equilibrium. Therefore, the goal of the integrated disease management concept is to manage the disease using all available strategies while achieving positive effects on the environment, society, and economy.