eChapters

1. Botanical Name : Ficus palmata Forsk.

2. Family: Moraceae

3. Common Name: Wild Himalayan fig

4. Name in Indian languages

Anjiri, Bedu, Khemri, Jangli-Anjir (Hindi), Pheru (Gardwali), Bedu (Kumauni), Phegra, Fagura, Khasra, Daghla, Anjir (Himachali), Phegwara, Phagoru, Fagu, Anjir (Punjabi), Heibam (Manipuri), Manjimedi (Telugu), Pepri (Gujarati).

1. Botanical Name: Ficus auriculata Lour.

2. Family : Moraceae

3. Common Name : Elephant Ear Fig, Roxburgh fig

4. Name in Indian languages

Fagoora, Phagoora, (Hindi), Timla, Tirmal (Kumaoni), Heiba (Manipuri), Theibal (Mizo), Chanadumari (Nepali).

1. Botanical Name : Feronia elephantum Correa syn. Limonia acidissima

2. Family : Rutaceae

3. Common Name : Elephant apple, Wood apple, monkey fruit, curd fruit

4. Name in Indian languages

Kathabel, Kainth (Hindi), Kapittha (Bengali), Kotha (Gujarati), Kavat (Marathi), Belda hanuu (Kannada), Velam, Velan, Vila, Vilanga (Tamil), Vilarmaram (Malayalam), Velaga (Telugu).

1. Botanical Name : Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.

2. Family : Elaeocarpaceae

3. Common Name : Warty Marble Tree

4. Name in Indian languages

Kooge pan (Kodwa), Dandale Mara, Kadambola, Kunge Mara (Kannada), Badraksham, Rudraksham, Pahumban, Kara, Ammakorum, Adraksham, Mukkanni, Vellathaanni, Thodayam (Malayalam), Malampinnai, Pathrachi, Ruthraksham (Tamil).

1. Botanical name : Elaeocarpus serratus

2. Family : Elaeocarpaceae

3. Common Name : Ceylon olive and Wild olive

4. Name in Indian languages: Veralu (Sinhala) and Karai or Ulankarai (Tamil).

5. Description

Elaeocarpus serratus, also called, Ceylon olive is a tropical fruit . The tree is a medium size tree with leaves similar to avocado. The tree usually measures from 8 to 15 metres in height. The fruits are almost similar to the large green olives. This is a sun loving tree grows on Loam soil and requires low maintenance. The delicate, lacy, white flowers usually attract a myriad of insect pollinators, notably flies, wasps and flower beetles.

1. Botanical Name : Elaeocarpus munronii (Wt.) mast)

2. Family : Elaeocarpaceae

3. Common Name : Kalarudraksha

4. Name in Indian languages

Idanji pan (Koodwa), Nari Bikki, Kal Bikki (Kannada), Rudraksham (Tamil), Kalarudraksham, Shirukodala (Malayalam).

5. Description

Elaeocarpus munronii is plant in the Elaeocarpaceae family. It is found only in India. It is threatened by habitat loss. Trees grows up to 15 m tall.Trunk is greyish, smooth and blaze cream. Leaves are simple, alternate, 4-9 cm long , ovate Flowers axillary in racemes, white. Fruit is Drupe, elliptic and 2 cm long, smooth with single seed

1. Botanical Name: Elaegnus parviflora Wall. Ex. Royle

2. Family: Elaeagnaceae

3. Common Name: Autumn Olive

4. Name in Indian languages

Giwain, Kankal (Hindi, Kumoani), Heiyai (Manipuri), Guenlee (Nepali).

5. Description

Autumn olive is a small tree or shrub, often spiny. The small white (fading to yellow) flowers have a sickly-sweet aroma.

6. Origin and distribution

Autumn olive is found in the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Bhutan, Assam and western China, at altitudes of 1300-3000 m.

1. Botanical Name : Docynia indica Syn. Docynia hookeriana, Syn. Docynia rufifolia, Syn. Malus docynioides, Syn. Pyrus indica, Syn. Pyrus rufifolia

2. Family : Rosaceae (Pomeae)

3. Common Name : Mehal

4. Name in Indian languages

Sohphoh (Khasi), Mel, Mehal (Nepali), Tong, Thung kakpa (Bhutan).

5. Description

Docynia indica is deciduous tree found in India and South East Asia. The trees are medium to tall in height. It requires a well-drained soil in a sunny position. This species can tolerate temperatures down to about -5 to -10°C. Fruits are acidic and greenish with red tinged. Fruits are eaten as fresh or pickles as well used in jelly preparation. It is also used as rootstock for imparting semi-dwarf in apple.

1. Botanical name : Diploknema butyracea H J Larn

2. Family : Sapotaceae

3. Common Name : Indian Butter Tree

4. Name in Indian languages : Chiura, Phuwara, Chura (Hindi, Kumaoni), Chyuri (Nepali).

1. Botanical Name: Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb.

2. Family: Ebenaceae

3. Common Name: East Indian ebony, Tendu

4. Name in Indian languages

Tendu, Timburni (Hindi), Kend, Kendu (Bengali), Abanasi, Balai (Kannada), Kari (Malayalam), Tendu, Temru, Timburni (Marathi), Dirghapatraka (Sanskrit), Karai, Karundumbi, Tumbi (Tamil), Tuniki, Beedi, Aaku (Telugu).

1. Botanical name : Dillenia indica L.

2. Family : Dilleniaceae

3. Common Name : Elephant Apple, Indian catmon

4. Name in Indian languages

Chalta, Karambel (Hindi), Paanca phal, Panca kule, Ram phal, Thulo tatri (Nepali), Avartaki (Sanskrit).

1. Botanical Name : Debregeasia velutina Gaud

2. Family : Urticaceae

3. Common Name : Wild Rhea

4. Name in Indian languages

Syaru (Kumoani), Poonoolmaram, Neeranji, Narambili, (Malayalam), Kaattu, Nochchi, Katunochchi, (Tamil), Sansaru (Hindi), Garuga (Kannada), Tussare (Nepali), Khargul(Marathi), Syaru (Garhwali).

1. Botanical name : Crataegus oxyacantha L.

2. Family : Rosaceae

3. Common Name : English Hawthorn

4. Name in Indian languages

Bansangli (Hindi), Ghingharoo (Kumaoni).

5. Description

Hawthorn is a thorny shrub commonly found in abundance in forests and open places in Himalayan regions at an altitude of 1500- 2500 m above msl. It is an aggressive settler and difficult to remove. The stem is grayish to purple brown in colour and hard. Hawthorn has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diarrhea, gall bladder disease, insomnia, and as an antispasmodic agent in the treatment of asthma.

1. Botanical name : Corylus jacquemontii Decne

2. Family : Betulaceae

3. Common Name : Indian Hazelnut

4. Name in Indian languages

Bhotiya badam, Kabasi (Hindi), Thangi, Thankoli, Shalodi, Urmuni, Sharoli and Sharod (Himachali).

5. Description

Indian Hazelnut is a wild plant of the mid and high hills of the Himalayas. The tree is small or medium-sized and deciduous. Leaves are ovate or obovate, irregularly lobed or toothed, silky pubescent on nerves beneath. Flowers emerge before the leaves. Male flowers are arranged in drooping spikes while female flowers are cone-like, small, ovoid produced in pairs.

1. Botanical Name : Cordia myxa Roxb.

2. Family : Boranginaceae

3. Common Name : Indian cherry, Lasoda , Goonda

4. Name in Indian languages

Lasoda (Hindi ), Chalhanu (Kannada), Bahubara, Bohari(Bengali), Gundomoto (Gujrati ), Aruvili (Tamil), Cheruviri (Malyalam), Bhokar (Marathi), Bahuvaraka (Sanskrit), Gondi (odiya), Chinnabotuku(Telugu).

5. Description

Cordia myxa is a medium size tree with a dense crown, that can grow up to 12 metres. The stem is stout. It is a multi-purpose tree and use as a food, medicine and source of wood, fibre etc. It is originated in Indian subcontinent but cultivated in western African countries for it’s edible and medicinal fruits.

1. Botanical Name : Chrysophyllum roxburghii G.Don

2. Family: Sapotaceae

3. Common Name : Indian star apple

4. Name in Indian languages

Pale pan (Kodwa), Bon-pitha (Assamese), Pulichakka, Noolambazham, Athappala, Mannanchakka, Aatha, Kappalam, Athapala (Malayalam).

5. Description

Chrysophyllum roxburghii is an evergreen tree with a dense crown. It can grow 10 - 20 metres tall, occasionally reaching 30 metres. The trunk diameter may be up to 40 cm. The tree is harvested from the wild for local use as of its edible fruit, for medicinal purposes and for timber. It is occasionally cultivated for its fruit and the wood is sometimes traded.

1. Botanical name : Choerospondias axillaris Roxb.

2. Family: Anacardiaceae

3. Common Name : Nepalese Hog plum

4. Name in Indian languages : Lupsi (Sikkim), Lapsi (Nepali)

5. Description

Nepalese Hog plum is a evergreen tree that can grow up to 10 metres tall, though is usually smaller. The bole is buttressed and about 30 - 40cm in diameter. The plant is especially valued for its edible fruit and is being increasingly cultivated for this purpose, the fruit being used locally and traded internationally. It is also used as a pioneer fruit tree in reforestation projects. Currently products of Lapsi fruit are mostly consumed locally. Lapsi fruit tree possess immense potential for income generation for hill farming communities. In Nepal, the tree is known for its delicious fruit. The Lapsi fruit tree which produces pistillate flowers are locally called as “pothi lapsi” which is a female tree and the other which produces staminate flowers is known as bhale lapsi which is a male tree. In Vietnam it is known for medicinal importance and in China for timber usage.

8.1 Introduction

In the fields like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Engineering and Economics; their laws and principles contains various parameters and their derivatives. The mathematical relationships of such parameters with their derivatives constitute the differential equations. In calculus, differential equations were firstly introduced by Newton and Leibnitz. Newton listed the three kinds of differential equations:

7.1 Introduction

A Scottish mathematician David Gibb was firstly introduced a term ‘Numerical Integration’ in 1915. Like numerical differentiation, numerical integration is also a very useful tool for scientists and engineers especially when they have an experimental data for different variables without knowing any mathematical relationship between them. Beside it, there are also many other situations where it plays an important role for integrating the functions like:

6.1 Introduction

Scientists and engineers have an experimental data of various variables in an experiment. To know the facts and to formulate related theories, they need exact relationship between such variables. So, they require the exact function which defines the outputs with introducing the inputs. For example,

Ohm’s law: which states that voltage of a circuit is proportional to the current flowing in it i.e.