eChapters

• S. fruticosum (Jamiya), a small edible fruit, is grown as a wide break.
• Ross apple (Gulab Jamun) bears rose-scented fruits with fibrous flesh.
• Cultivar – Raij Jamun, Paras (Large size) N.J.-6 (Seedless).
• Syzygium Jambos – Rose apple (Gulab Jamun)
• Fruit trees for sodicity tolerance.
• Syzygium grows in tropical and subtropical climate under a wide range of them temperature and rainfall.
• Jamun, in general, prefers dry atmosphere at the time of flowering and fruiting.
• Water apple and rose apple are usually planted in home garden at a distance of 7.0 m × 8.0 m.
• Propagation of seed and shield and patch budding.
• Irrigation the use in May-June requires 5-6 irrigations in a year.
• Intercropping – peach, guava, kagzilime, as fillers, field crop – gram, peas, moong etc.
• Jamun exhibits maximum growth and flowering during February.
• Flower bud differentiation has been observed on 5-10 months old branches, starts in the last week of January and continues for 43 days.

The Jamun (Syzygium cuminii Skeels) is a nutritious fruit with a variety of uses; virtually every part of the tree has been utilized by both urban and rural dwellers. The fruit is good source of iron, sugars, minerals, protein and carbohydrate etc (Table 1). Fully ripe fruits are eaten fresh and can be processed into beverages like jelly, jam, squash, wine, vinegar and pickles. The Jamun fruit has sub-acid spicy flavour and squash is very refreshing drink for quenching the thrust in the summer season. A little quantity of fruit syrup is much useful for curing the diarrhoea. The vinegar prepared from juice extracted from slightly unripe fruit is stomachic, carminative and diuretic, apart from having cooling and digestive properties (Thaper, 1958). However, small jamun fruits not suitable for table use but suitable for use in the beverage industry as they contained a high amount of acidity, tannins and anthocyanins (Anon., 1986). The volatile oil from the jamun fruits can also be extracted (Vijayanandet al., 2001). Fruits are used as an effective medicine against diabetes, heart and liver trouble (Singh, 2001). The Powdered seeds have also reputation of being useful in the treatment of diabetes. Oral administration of an aqueous jamun seed extract for 6 weeks caused a significant decrease in lipids, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and an increase in catalase and superoxide dismutase in the brain of diabetic rats (Prince et al., 2003). Leaf extract of jamun also reduces the radiation induced DNA damage in the cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Jamun seed can be used as concentrate for animals, as it is rich in protein, carbohydrates and calcium. Its timber wood is used for railway sleepers, construction of buildings, agricultural implements and for well work, as it resists the action of water (Chundawat, 1990).

1. OVERVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL SCENARIO AND EXTENSION SYSTEMS IN JAPAN

1.1. Japanese Agricultural Policy and its Short History

The modernization of Japan’s agriculture was started through mechanization such as cultivators, rice planting machines, tractors and combines in the 1960s. Mechanization led to a large decrease in hours spent on rice cultivation, and the redundant labor force moved from agriculture to the manufacturing industry. This movement resulted in the modernization of rice cultivation, high productivity and high income for farm households.

On the other hand, a decreased demand for rice caused by westernization of the diet, e.g. greater consumption of animal products, became a serious problem. The national government decided to regulate rice production, and the acreage of paddy fields equivalent to the excess rice production has been used to cultivate other plants since 1978. Nowadays, the permitted area for planting rice is about 60 per cent of the paddy fields, with the other 40 per cent used to cultivate other plants such as barley, soybean, buckwheat and so on.

1. Basic Information and Agrarian Status

1.1. Geography

Japan is a crescent-shaped archipelago consisting of four main islands named Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, and of a few thousand small islands, with a total area of 3,77,907 square kilometers. The country is mountainous, with forests accounting for 66 per cent of the total area, and arable land 13 per cent.

1.2. Climate

The archipelago is almost 3,000 km in length and stretches from north to south, and  includes subartic, temperate and subtropical zones.

In winter, the side of the country facing the Sea of Japan, include Niigata and Fukui, is known worldwide for its heavy snowfall, but the side facing the Pacific Ocean has little or no snowfall. From spring to fall, there is no big difference between these areas. The summer season starts with an almost one month long baiu (rainy season) around June. After the baiu, the temperature rises to more than 30 degree Celsius, and it become very humid. In the fall, a few typhoons hit Japan, occasionally causing a major disaster.

This is an acute viral encephalitis having public health importance. It is under the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae. The genus Flavivirus comprises of group of arbovirus though a few members of the genus have no known vector. The genus contains over 70 viruses of which 40 are mosquito borne, 16 are tick borne and 18 have no known vector. The type species of the genus is yellow fever virus. Although all flaviviruses are serologically relate, they can also be grouped serologically into distinct groups: dengue serological group, the JE serological group and a less serologically cohesive yellow fever virus group. The disease has been recognized in Japan since 1871 and was named Japanese B encephalitis to distinguish it from 'encephalitis A' (encephalitis lethargica, Von economo's disease) which was then prevalent. The virus was first isolated in Japan during an epidemic in 1935.

Etiology: JE virus is under the genus Flavivirus and family Flaviviridae. The genome is about 11 kb which encodes 3 structural proteins (C, capsid protein, PrM the membrane precursor protein that is cleaved proteolytically by a cellular protease to form the M protein in mature virions, and E, envelope protein) and 7 non-structural (NS) protein (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, NS5). The Eglycoprotein is the most immunologically important protein. The Japanese encephalitis serological group of flaviviruses comprises eight virus species and two subtype viruses with a geographic range encompassing all continents except Antarctica. The major virus species and their geographic range are as follows: the Japanese encephalitis virus ( JEV) in eastern, southern and southeastern Asia, Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait of northern Australia; the West Nile virus (WNV) in Africa, southern and central Europe, India, the Middle East and North America and as Kunjin virus ( a subtype of WNV) in Australia and Papua New Guinea; the Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) in Australia, Papua New Guinea and the western Indonesian archipelago and the St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) in North and South America. The other minor members of the group are Usutu (USUV), Koutango and Yaounde viruses in Africa; Cacipacore virus in South America and Alfuy, a subtype of MVEV, in Australia.

Introduction
Jasmine is commonly known as Chameli, Champa, Juhi, Mogra, and Motia in India. French jasmine, Spanish jasmine and Catalonian jasmine are also found in India. It consisted of both as vines/climbers and shrubs.
Origin
‘Jasminum’ word is derived from an Arabic word ‘Yasmin.’ It is native to the Himalayas and mostly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It originated in the north-east foothills of Himalayas in Indo-Burma. It is known
for characteristic smell and beautiful colours of flowers for our indoor as well as outdoor gardening. Jasmines are a group of ornamental domesticated plants, grown perennial for their fragrant flowers. However, its potential for production of perfume has also been first exploited in France.
Distribution
It was first introduced on commercial scale for production of essential oil in Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Syria, Algeria, Tunisia, United Arab Republic, China and India. Keeping in view the manual picking of flowers, it is labour
based agro-industry. Presently,

Abstract: Genus Jasminum contains 90 species to be true in existence and use, range from landscape to hair adornments, and perfumes. It is native to Indo-Malayan region. Morphological variants from different species have been developed in different regions in India. Unfruitfulness, cross incompatibility, pollen and seed sterility, delicate flower parts, peak and active night flowering, endosperm antagonism often pose significant challenge to breeders. Genetic information and trait heritability is almost unknown for this crop. Phenotypic traits requiring future improvement include recurrent flowering for fresh flower market, high concrete recovery, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Future breeding and genetic studies are needed for further transform this crop.

Jasmine (Jasminum spp.) belongs to the family Oleaceae, order Oleales are climbing, trailing or erect shrubby plants and there are both deciduous and evergreen species. The generic name Jasminum is derived from Arabic word “Jassamine”, “Jasmin” and “Jasminum” (Bailey, 1963). Flowers are white, yellow or rarely reddish. Flowers are used for making garlands and Veni. Jamine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued in perfumery industry. France, The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Algeria, Turkey, Morocco and Tunisia are major jasmine oil producing countries (Singh, 2006).

ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

Jasmine is native to tropical and subtropical regions; a large number of species are centred on the regions comprising India, China and Malaysia. Jasmines distributed in warm parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and Pacific region, nearly absent from America (Bailey, 1963).

Jasmines have adorned the gardens of central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Nepal and many other tropical and sub tropical countries. The distribution patterns of nearly 72 species in India, Malaysia and China provide a strong base to claim that India is one of the principal centers of origin of Jasminum species. Among these, about 40 species are reported to occur in India and mostly cultivated in South India (Bhattacharjee, 1980). Large number of species are however, centered to the region comprising of The Himalayas, China and Malaysia. Other countries where jasmine is cultivated are France, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, North Africa, Spain and Egypt. The cultivated jasmines fall into four species viz., Jasminum sambac, Jasminum auriculatum, Jasminum grandiflorum, and Jasminum multiflorum (Kakada).

In India, the three species Jasminum sambac, Jasminum auriculatum and Jasminum grandiflorum have been mentioned in the ancient Tamil Literature of ‘Sangam’ period (500 B.C. to 200 A.D.). Jasmines are commercially grown in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Other growing states are Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Jasmine (Jasminum spp.) belongs to the family Oleaceae, order Oleales are climbing, trailing or erect shrubby plants and there are both deciduous and evergreen species. The generic name Jasminum is derived from Arabic word “Jassamine”, “Jasmin” and “Jasminum” (Bailey, 1963). Flowers are white, yellow or rarely reddish. Flowers are used for making garlands and Veni. Jamine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued in perfumery industry. France, The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, Algeria, Turkey, Morocco and Tunisia are major jasmine oil producing countries (Singh, 2006).

Jasmine is one of India’s most important fragrant loose flower crops, valued for garlands, Veni, Gajra, religious ceremonies, festivals and perfume production. Flowers and buds are also important raw materials for jasmine oil, cosmetics, soaps and other fragrance products. The chapter describes jasmine’s origin, distribution, genetics and commercially cultivated species, particularly Jasminum sambac, J. auriculatum and J. grandiflorum. It discusses climate and soil requirements, propagation, planting, nutrient management, irrigation, pruning and other cultural practices. Major pests and diseases and their management are included. The chapter also explains harvesting, postharvest handling, marketing and the value-addition potential of jasmine flowers and essential oil.

INTRODUCTION

Jasmine is one of the first plants that come to mind when one thinks of sweet fragrance. A single jasmine vine can perfume an entire room or garden. Jasmines have adorned the gardens of central Asia, Afghanistan, Iran, Nepal and many other tropical and sub tropical countries. India exports jasmine flowers to the neighbouring countries like Srilanka, Singapore, Malaysia and also the Gulf. Jasmine contributes substantially to the national economy and annually about Rs. 20 crores worth of flowers are produced in India.

Plants are grown both as shrub and climber. Flowers and flower buds are used for making garlands, bouquets and veni and for religious offerings. Jasmine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued as it is used in manufacturing perfumes, cosmetics, creams, hair oils, soaps and shampoos. Flowers are used in jasmine tea or herbal or black tea. As a medicinal plant, jasmine has traditionally been considered an aphrodisiac and calmative. In India, it is grown in different states especially Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal because their flower and floral buds are in great demand.

Jasmine (Jasminum spp) is one of the oldest fragrant flowers cultivated by man. They are the most common flowers in India gardens.

Importance and Uses

They are traditionally important flowers not only as fresh flowers but also as source of high grade perfume oil. Mention of jasmine is there in ancient Indian literature like Kamasutra (AD 300-400) and Mahabharatha (500 BC). The odour of jasmine flowers cannot be imitated by any known synthetic chemical or natural isolates, thus giving it a unique status in the perfume world.

Bud-worm : Hendecasis duplifascialis : Pyraustidae

This pest is serious on J.sambac. The larvae are dark green with black head which bores into immature buds.  They make a hole on the buds, and feed inside, leaving behind faecal pellets entangled in few silk strands. Webbing is seen in severe infestation and pupation takes place in soil.

Introduction

Plants are grown both as shrub and climber. Flowers and flower buds are used for making garlands and Veni and for religious offerings. Jasmine oil extracted from the flower is highly valued as it is used in manufacturing perfumes, cosmetics, creams, hair oils, soaps and shampoos.

Flowers are used in jasmine tea or herbal or black tea. As a medicinal plant, jasmine has traditionally been considered an aphrodisiac and calmative. In India, it is grown in different states especially Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal because their flower and floral buds are in great demand.

Genetics

The genus with basic chromosome number of n=13 generally consists of forms with 2n=26. However, natural occurrence of higher ploidy was also observed in J. sambac cv. Gundumalli (2n=39), cultivated variety of J. flexile (2n=52), J. primulinum (2n=39) and J. angustifolium (2n=52).

Jasmines constitute a group of traditional flower crops which are commercially grown for their fragrant flowers and essential oil production. There are trailing, climbing, and erect growing species and cultivars in the genus Jasminum. The genus Jasminum comprises of more than 200 species which are known to occur in different tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The countries growing Jasmines on a commercial scale are India, France, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, North Africa, Egypt and Spain. More than 80 Jasminum species are found in India, of which only four species viz., Jasminum sambac (Mogra / Gundumalli), Jasminum auriculatum (Jui / Mullai), Jasminum multiflorum syn Jasminum pubescens (Kunda / Kakda) and Jasminum grandiflorum (Jai / Pitchi) are widely used for commercial cultivation. Jasmines are commercially grown in many parts of the country as a dry land crop. The leading states in jasmine production are South Indian states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In India, the commercial cultivation of jasmines are popular in Athoor, Coimbatore, Dharampuri, Dindigul, Erode, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Nilakottai, Periakulam, Salem, Thiruchirapalli, Thirunelveli, Thiruvallur, Tirumanagalam, Vellore, Virudhunagar etc. in Tamil Nadu; Bangalore, Bellary, Kolar, Mysore, Shimoga, Tumkur etc. in Karnataka ; Hyderabad, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Mancherial, Ranga Reddy, Sangareddy, Vikarabad, Warangal Rural, Yadadri etc. in Telangana; Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddapah, East Godavari, Guntur, Krishna, Kurnool, Nellore, Prakasam, West Godavari etc. in Andhra Pradesh; Ahmednagar, Aurangabad, Pune, Sangli etc. in Maharashtra; Ahmedabad, Anand, Bharuch, Bhavnagar, Kutch, Vadodara etc. in Gujarat; Gazipur, Jaunpur, Kannauj etc. in Uttar Pradesh; Ajmer, Jaipur, Kota, Udaipur etc. in Rajasthan; Panskura Ranaghat etc. in West Bengal; Guwahati, Hoja, Jorhat etc. in Assam ; and parts of Punjab and Delhi. Jasmines contributes markedly to the national economy and it is estimated that annually more than 20 crores worth of jasmine flowers are produced and traded in India and are also exported to countries like Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, UAE and United States (Safeena et al., 2017).

Introduction 
Jatropha, a genus belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, comprises 175 species and has its origins in tropical America and Mexico, later spreading to the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Africa (Divakara et al., 2010). In Asian countries, India, China, and Myanmar account for more than 85% of Jatropha cultivation, while Africa and Latin American countries like Brazil and Mexico make up 12% and 2%, respectively. India stands as the largest cultivator of Jatropha (Kumar and Sharma, 2008). Historically, Jatropha has been utilized for various purposes, including storm protection, soil erosion control, firewood, hedges, and traditional medicines (Openshaw, 2000; Gubitz et al., 1999; Heller, 1996; Kaushik and Kaushik, 2011). The seed oil of Jatropha has also been used as lamp fuel, soap manufacturing ingredient, paints, and lubricant (Gubitz et al., 1999; Achten et al., 2007; Brittaine and Lutaladio, 2010). The characteristics of Jatropha seed oil closely resemble those of diesel (Pramanik, 2003; Foidl et al., 1996; Augustus et al., 2002), earning it the title of a biodiesel plant (Pandey et al., 2012). Jatropha thrives on diverse wastelands without requiring agricultural inputs like irrigation and fertilization and its seeds contain 40 to 60% oil content (Pandey et al., 2012; Achten et al., 2007). The plant’s easy propagation, rapid growth, drought tolerance, pest resistance, higher oil content compared to other oil crops, adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions, short gestation period and optimal plant size and architecture which facilitate seed collection (Divakara et al., 2010), make it a promising crop for biofuel production (Abou Kheira and Atta, 2009; Fairless, 2007). The oil extracted from Jatropha curcas L. is primarily converted into biodiesel for use in diesel engines. The protein-rich cake resulting from oil extraction can be used as fish or animal feed after detoxification. Additionally, it serves as a biomass feedstock for electricity generation or biogas production and is a high-quality organic fertilizer (Gubitz et al., 1999). Crop improvement in Jatropha curcas L. focuses on enhancing its potential as a biodiesel feedstock by addressing challenges like low yield, variable oil content and narrow adaptability. Efforts in selection and breeding aim to identify highyielding genotypes with desirable traits such as high oil content, early maturity and resistance to pests and diseases. Hybridization and mutation breeding are used to introduce genetic diversity and develop improved varieties suited to diverse environmental conditions. Biotechnological approaches, including genetic engineering and marker-assisted selection are employed to accelerate

Jaundice is a disease marked by a yellow discoloration in the skin, or in the whites of the eyes. This is due to excessive amounts of bile in the blood stream. Jaundice may arise from a number of different causes. Some types of jaundice arise from conditions outside the liver. Also in some cases the patient may have jaundice in a sub clinical form. That is, the bile pigment may be elevated but not sufficiently to actually discolour the skin.

Normally there is a certain rate at which the red blood cell are broken down and destroyed in the body. The average life of a red cell is about four months. But certain disease conditions may cause an excessive breakdown of red cells and this increases the bile pigment in the blood. Such a rapid breakdown of cells may be seen in haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell anaemia, pernicious anaemia, jaundice of the newborn child, as well as in malaria, pneumonia, yellow fever and certain bacterial infections of the blood.

Obstructive jaundice means that the bile is backing up into the blood stream because of some obstruction involving the larger bile ducts. The normal liver produces one pint of bile every twenty-four hours. This is transported to the gall bladder where it is concentrated and becomes green, or else passes directly to the small intestine where it acts as a lubricant. Bile is also necessary for the absorption of fats and for its laxative effect in the large intestine.

Jelly:-Jelly is a semi solid product prepared by boiling a solution of pectin containing fruit extract free from pulp after the addition of sugar and acid. A perfect jelly should be transparent, well set, should have original flavour of the fruits, attractive colour and it should be free from dullness. Jelly is mainly prepared by guava, sour apple, wood apple, loquat and papaya. Apricot, pineapple, strawberry etc of low pectin containing fruits can also utilize after addition of pectin powder because these fruits have low pectin contain.

Jharkhand, a newly created (15 November, 2000) state having total geographical area 79.72 lakh hectares, net sown area 18.1 lakh hectares with cropping intensity 114%, is rich in natural resources such as minerals, coal, soil, water, forest cover (29.3%), biodiversity but deficient (50%) in food grain production because of meagre irrigation facilities (10% of cultivated area) in absence of perennial rivers. This state is primarily rainfed and crop production largely depends on monsoon. The south-west monsoon contributes nearly 85% of rain water. Accordingly, the success or failure of crop production is closely linked with the onset, progress and withdrawal of monsoon. Delay in onset, intermittent dry spell (1-3 weeks), early withdrawal of monsoon are also usually observed. Failure of rain has adverse impact on the reproductive phase of rainy season crops and thus on crop yield as well as establishment of winter season crops. Sometimes high rainfall (140 mm/day) coupled with light soil texture and undulating topo sequence provides congenial environment for soil erosion with runoff. This also offers opportunity for water harvesting. Infact, soil and water are the two basic natural resources which must be conserved and utilized efficiently on long term basis.

Abstract

In the present paper an attempt is made to study the job inspirational element of employees of Small and Medium Enterprise’s, Guntur.  It is well known fact that job satisfaction plays major role in satisfying an employee himself as well as the organization in terms of attaining the needed output.  As job inspirational elements are the deciding factors of job satisfaction, HR managers will have an eagle eye towards in this aspect in the organization that intern has to bridge the gap between the personnel and the management.  The present study attempted to understand the well as the source of recruitment through which they have entered the organization.