eChapters

Abstract

Present implementation of mass spectrometers has allowed developing new approaches in algal research. Soft ionization techniques like atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), electrospray ionization (ESI), and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) extend the analytical possibilities of mass spectrometry (MS) beyond classical fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography (GC) with electron impact ionization (EI). New MS-based analytical methods have been developed over the last two decades for algal molecule research including membrane lipids, carotenoids, mycosporine-like amino acids and peptides.
 
MS-based Metabololomics approaches have also been used to gain insights into algal biochemistry and physiology. This review aims at highlighting the achievements in algal research gained by using these recent research tools and their future prospects.

Lisianthus is among top ten cut flower crop of the world. In short duration of 20-30 years it become top ranking flower crop of world due to its beautiful flowers which bears beauty of different top ranking old commercial flower crops with variation in flower colours, shape, size with long vase life. It looks like tulips as they began to open and as poppies when fully opened, gaps between the petals appears like daisy, ruffled petals resemble carnations and the most important one is the flower buds and opened double type lisianthus resemble rose buds and open flower respectively and there is no doubt that this is a primary reason for consumer acceptance. Double flowered lisianthus are more demanded in U.S. as cut flower about 80% of lisianthus market whereas, single flowered are more dominant in Japanese and European markets. In Japan over 129 million cut stems were sold in 2001 placing it on number one position in Europe, over 122 million cut stems were sold in 2001 and placing it in top ten ranking and in the United States over 14 million cut stems were sold in 2002, it is not only popular as a cut flower but also as a bedding plant and a pot plant in market (Grueber et al., 1985, Halevy and Kofranek, 1984, Roh and Lawson, 1987, Tjia and Sheehan, 1984, Tija and Sheehan 1986, Skrzypczak et al., 1993 and Harbaugh, 2007), a plant bears 20-30 flowers per plant (Skrzypczak et al., 1993).

Lisianthus (Eustoma) is herbaceous perennial in some cases annual and biennial (Farina, 1989, Halevy and Kofranek, 1984, Wilkins and Grueber, 1983 and Harbaugh, 2007) belongs to family Gentianaceae (Oren-shamir et al., 1999) and genus “Lisianthus”, which is also used as the common name for Eustoma grandiflorum, the plant was commonly known as Lisianthus russellianus when first listed in seed catalogues in the early 1980’s in the United State, later it was given scientific name Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. (synonyms Eustoma andrewsii; E. russellianum; Lisianthus russellianus) (Bailey and Baily, 1976, Everett, 1981 and Harbaugh, 2007). However, Lisianthus is also known as the Prairie gentian or Texas bluebell (Markham, 1996 and Harbaugh, 2007) and Prairie Rose (Harbaugh, 2007). Eustoma is named after the two Greek words Eu (beautiful, good, well) and stoma (mouth) (Uddin et al., 2013). It is a self compatible (Harbaugh, 2007 and Markham, 1996), diploid crop (Markham, 1996). The buds are colourless is a great disadvantage as an ornamental growth. The range of flower colours available in commercial lines is limited to white and purple, shades of cream, pink, mauve and purple (Markham, 1996 and Harbaugh, 2007).

E. grandiflorum has a set of pharmacologically active compounds and therefore can be a valuable therapeutic material, or can serve as a source of pure chemical compound, apart from its strictly ornamental uses (Skrzypczak et al., 1993).

Lisianthus is among top ten cut flower crop of the world. In short duration of 20-30 years it become top ranking flower crop of world due to its beautiful flowers which bears beauty of different top ranking old commercial flower crops with variation in flower colours, shape, size with long vase life. It looks like tulips as they began to open and as poppies when fully opened, gaps between the petals appears like daisy, ruffled petals resemble carnations and the most important one is the flower buds and opened double type lisianthus resemble rose buds and open flower respectively and there is no doubt that this is a primary reason for consumer acceptance. Double flowered lisianthus are more demanded in U.S. as cut flower about 80% of lisianthus market whereas, single flowered are more dominant in Japanese and European markets. In Japan over 129 million cut stems were sold in 2001 placing it on number one position in Europe, over 122 million cut stems were sold in 2001 and placing it in top ten ranking and in the United States over 14 million cut stems were sold in 2002, it is not only popular as a cut flower but also as a bedding plant and a pot plant in market (Grueber et al., 1985, Halevy and Kofranek, 1984, Roh and Lawson, 1987, Tjia and Sheehan, 1984, Tija and Sheehan 1986, Skrzypczak et al., 1993 and Harbaugh, 2007), a plant bears 20-30 flowers per plant (Skrzypczak et al., 1993).

This chapter introduces Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), a valuable cut flower also known as Prairie Gentian and the “poor man's rose.” It discusses its origin, distribution, genetics, botanical characteristics and commercial development. The chapter covers varieties, protected cultivation, environmental requirements, propagation, nutrition, pest and disease management, harvesting, storage and vase-life enhancement. Special attention is given to its growing importance in India, particularly under protected cultivation in suitable regions.

6.1 List Introduction

1. List is a collection of different values or different types of items.

2. Unlike array in c/c++/java a list is capable of storing different types of values under one roof.

3. The items in the list are separated with the comma (,) and enclosed with the square brackets [].

4. List provides us the facility to store multiple types of in a single unit.

Example:

a=[“ram”,1,“shyam”,12.5]

b=[1,2,3,4]

a[0]=ram

a=[“ram”,1,“shyam”,12.5]

print(a)

print(a[0])

ram

1. ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair

2. ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur

3. ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar

Directorates/Project Directorates

1. ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagarh, Gujarat

2. ICAR-Directorate of Soybean Research, Indore, Madhya Pradesh

Institutes under ICAR

1. Deemed Universities - 4
2. Institutions - 64
3. National Research Centres - 15
4. National Bureaus - 6
5. Directorates/Project Directorates - 13 State Agricultural Universities

NATIONAL LEVEL FACILITIES OF LABORATORY ANIMALS

• National Laboratory Animal Centre, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow.
• National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences (NCLAS) National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad

INSTITUTIONAL LABORATORY ANIMAL FACILITIES AT

1. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources, New Delhi

2. ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro-organisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh

1. ICAR-National Research Centre for Banana, Trichi

2. ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune

3. ICAR-National Research Centre for Litchi, Muzaffarpur

Strong bamboo

4 feet long of 4 inch diameter

Gl.Wire

6 mm diameter of 34 kg G.l. wire

M/s. AARPY BIO SOLUTION

M/s. ABAN INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED

M/s. ABHAY-CHEM

M/s. ABIOCIS BIO-SCIENCE PVT LTD

M/s. ABT CORPORATION

Disease    Prescribed test    Alternative test

This practical assignment is related with listening, note taking, writing and oral presentation skill, after completion of these assignment students will improve their listening, notes taking, writing skills and will also acquires good presentation skills.

PURPOSE

 To get acquainted the students about the listening, note taking, writing skills and oral presentation skills. After completion of this assignment student will improve their listening skill.

Definition – Listening vs Hearing – Active listening – Types of listening – Guidelines for effective listening – Developing listening skills - Barriers to listening – Listening misconceptions.

Listening skill is key to receiving messages effectively. It is a combination of hearing what another person says and psychological involvement with the person who is talking. Listening is a skill of Language. It requires a desire to understand another human being, an attitude of respect and acceptance, and a willingness to open one’s mind to try and see things from another’s point of view. It requires a high level of concentration and energy. It demands that we set aside our own thoughts and agendas, put ourselves in another’s shoes and try to see the world through that person’s eyes.

Introduction

Listening is a language modality. It is one of the four skills of a language i.e. listening, speaking, reading and writing. It involves an active involvement of an individual. Listening involves a sender, a message and a receiver. It is the psychological process of receiving, attending to constructing meaning from and responding to spoken and/or non verbal messages.

5.1 A great deal of research

A great deal of research has been carried out on listening in communication. According to the researchers, listening comes at top of the list of the four forms of communication

Listeria

Murray et al. (1926) first described about Listeria which was followed by Pirie et al. (1927). In India Listeriosis was first reported by Mahajan (1936) in sheep from Andhrapradesh. He recognized it as ‘circling disease’. Latter a number of reports are available from various parts of India.

Listeria has been divided into seven species with two distinct groups. Among which the Listeria monocyotgenes and Listeria ivanovii are haemolytic and pathogenic for animals. The Listeria murrayi and Listeria grayi are nonhaemolytic, rarely isolated and considered to be non pathogenic. Among which the genus L. monocytogens, being the cause of septicaemia, abortion and CNS infections in a wide range of animal species including humans.

History
L.monocytogenes first described by Murray (1926) who named it as bacterium monocytogenes because of characteristic monocytosis infection in laboratory animals. It was renamed Listerella hepatolytica by Pirie (1927) and the present name given by him in 1940. The Listeria momnocytogenes was first isolated by Gill (1929) from sheep.
Natural Habitat
Listeria species are widely distributed in the environment and can be isolated from soil, faeces, plants, decaying vegetation and silage (pH 5.5) in which the bacteria can multiply. Silage is commonly implicated in outbreaks of listeriosis in cattle and sheep. In poor quality silage the listerial numbers may reach 107 cfu/kg of silage. Asymptomatic faecal carriers occur in man and many animal species. L.monocytogens can be excreted in bovine milk. Human foods associated with listeriosis in man include soft cheeses, milk and poultry meat.