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Indian Food Processing Industry (FPI) is one of the most untapped industries with abundant raw material to grow at a higher rate. FPI has been identified as a priority list in the “MAKE IN INDIA” program by the Government of India to boost its domestic manufacturing and export share. In the last few years, FPI has emerged as a high-growth and high-profit sector due to its immense potential for value addition while processing food products at various stages. The degree of processing of value addition to agricultural produce in India (20 %) is very low as compared to other countries, such as China (40 %), Brazil (70 %), and Malaysia (80 %). In India, the degree of processed food products ranges between 2 per cent (fruits and vegetables) and 35 per cent (milk) for various agriculture products. Hence there exist a huge potential for the growth of this sector in India. The export value of FPI was US$29.12 billion in 2016 and its share in world import was 2.18 per cent (Agarwal & Neogi, 2017).

India’s food processing sector covers fruit and vegetables; spices; meat and poultry; milk and milk products, alcoholic beverages, fisheries, plantation, grain processing, and other consumer product groups like confectionery, chocolates and cocoa products, soya-based products, mineral water, high protein foods, etc. The output of India’s food processing sector is expected to reach USD 535 Billion by 2025-26 (Invest India, 2020). Out of this, foreign investment is around Rs.10,000 crores (APEDA, 2020). Besides this, Government has also approved proposals for joint ventures; foreign collaboration, industrial licenses, and 100 per cent export-oriented units envisaging an investment.

Horticulture is increasingly recognized as a sunrise sector, owing to its potential to raise farm income, provide livelihood security and earn foreign exchange through export. The diverse agro-climatic conditions and rich diversity in crops and genetic resources enable India to produce a wide range of horticultural crops round the year. To cite an example, India produces tropical fruit like mango and sub-tropical fruit like an apple at the same season in a year (Jha et al., 2019). The horticulture sector encompasses a wide range of crops like fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices, plantation crops like coconut, beverages like tea and coffee, and some medicinal and aromatic plants. Statistics provided by National Horticulture Development Board showed that India is the second largest producer of the commodities, after China, accounting for 13 per cent of the global production of fruits and 21 per cent of vegetables. (DAC&FW, 2017).

Economic reforms and policies further increased the speed of diversification in favor of horticulture crops (Jha et al., 2019). This is on account of the increased domestic demand from high-value food commodities as well as for export markets. The diversification process that is seen within the agricultural sector also got transmitted to the horticultural sector. In line with the emerging demands, India has taken several technical and policy initiatives for promoting horticulture. The most important among is the newer technology packages spanning from production to postharvest (Jha et al., 2019).

3.1. General Introduction

Value addition refers to the conversion of a raw commodity or commodities into a processed product through the use of raw materials, labour, time and technology, all mixed in a way that ensures increased economic return. Even if the amount of processing in a product is much less, for example, any canned fruit can be considered as a processed product. Value added processing of horticultural food crops, mainly involves actions which changes fresh fruits and vegetables to create a greater value-added product for human consumption, which mostly includes canned products, juices, soups, sauces and dehydrated fruits and vegetables (Sharan, 2018). It results in diversification of agricultural activities, improves value addition opportunities and creates surplus for export of processed agro products. Processing often goes with perishable products like meat, milk, poultry, fruits and vegetables, often termed as High Value Products (HVPs), are in greater demand of processing (Sanal & Krishna, 2017). The demands for processed products are particularly strong in developing countries like China and India; mainly due to increasing industrialization and rapid urbanization, followed by elevated income levels, greater diversity in diets, and affinity towards premium-branded products (Sharan, 2018).

Trade in fruit and vegetable products has been among the most dynamic areas of national as well as international agricultural trade, stimulated by rising incomes and growing consumer interest in product variety, freshness, convenience, and year-round availability. Advances in production, postharvest handling, processing, and logistical technologies—along with increased levels of international investments have played a facilitating role.

4.1. Global Trade of Processed Fruits & Vegetables

4.1.1. Country Wise Trends of Export in Value-Added Fruits

Table 4.1 shows the processed fruits export of top 15 countries in the global market. The USA remained the largest exporter at global level with the exports valued at USD 15089573 thousand with a share of about 12 per cent. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR %) of the USA was noted 7.58 per cent. Spain is the second largest exporter of processed fruits and vegetables with the CAGR of 6.14 per cent and share of 8 per cent. Some other dominant exporting nations are namely, Mexico, Netherlands, China, and Chile, showing a CAGR nearly, 13 per cent, 11 per cent, 16 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively.

The Government of India has accorded ‘high priority’ status to the food processing industry. The Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MOFPI) has been set up as a nodal agency for formulation and implementation of the policies and plans for the food processing industries.

With an overall objective of positioning India as the ‘Food Basket’ to the world, several initiatives have been undertaken with the objective of promoting investments, innovation and bringing best practices. This vision is in line with the ‘Make in India’ initiative of the Government (CII, 2019).

5.1. Policy Interventions (MOFPI, 2019)

5.1.1. Infrastructure Development

Fragmented, inadequate, and inefficient infrastructure along the supply chain has been identified as one of major factor inhibiting growth of food processing sector. As adequate investment for infrastructure has not been forthcoming from private sector, government will continue to assist, participate and incentivize creation of supply chain infrastructure for food processing sector.

Like other sectors of the economy food processing sector also suffers from certain constraints. The challenges for the food conservation, distribution and processing sectors are diverse and demanding, which need to be addressed to leverage the growth of agriculture and food processing sector. Following are the major challenges and strategies are suggested to overcome the challenges (Sakina, 2019).

6.1. Domestic Constraints in the Development of Food Processing Industry in India

Despite the significant economic potential of the FPI in India, it still faces massive domestic challenges, which include low level of processing, fragmented structure of the industry, consumer perception and lack of skilled manpower. Firstly, low level of processing means that at industrial level, less food is processed, as compared to household level. Most of the traditional food items like jams, jellies, pickles etc. are prepared at small manufacturing units or by households (Agarwal & Neogi, 2017).

Secondly, consumer perception with regard to processed food in India is not very optimistic and they consider that packaged food is not fresh, thus, leading to low consumption of processed food. Thirdly, food processing sector is still highly fragmented and unorganised. This led to the inefficacies in the sector and has failed to achieve the economies of scale (Agarwal & Neogi, 2017).

Primary processing of fruits and vegetables refers to the first steps in transforming raw agricultural products into forms more suitable for consumption, storage or further processing. This step generally includes cleaning, sorting, grading, cutting, peeling and packaging of the products. The aim of primary processing is to preserve the nutritional quality, taste and appearance of the products by extending their shelf life and making them more suitable for consumers or ready for secondary processing. For example, fruits may be peeled, cut or peeled, and vegetables may be washed, chopped, or blanched. This step is essential in the agribusiness industry because it has a direct impact on the quality and safety of the final product, ensuring that it meets market requirements, food safety standards and consumer preferences. The efficiency and methods used in primary processing significantly affect overall profitability, product quality and market competitiveness.
Primary processing refers to the initial stages of preparing fruits and vegetables for consumption while preserving their nutritional value, freshness and flavour. This essential step involves various techniques for cleaning, sorting and packaging the produce, ensuring that it reaches consumers in the best possible condition.

Washing is typically the first step in the fruit and vegetable production process. In small-scale operations, this is usually done in basins with recirculating water or with still water that is regularly replaced. The goal of washing is to remove dirt and contaminants from the produce before it enters the processing line, preventing potential contamination of the raw materials.
The washing should be done with clean water, as pure as possible, and if needed, the water can be made potable by adding 10 ml of a 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for every 100 liters of water. It’s also important to use tools that ensure thorough cleaning of the produce, leaving no dirt behind for the next stages of processing.
THE VEGETABLE WASHING MACHINE'S PRINCIPLE
A vegetable washing machine was designed and manufactured with the needs of micro, small, and medium-scale vegetable growers in mind. The machine focuses on high washing capacity and efficiency, with stainless steel components used to ensure the quality of the washed produce. A durable primary frame was incorporated to maintain the machine’s structural integrity.
To enhance safety and ease of use, protective coverings were added around the moving parts, while also prioritizing ergonomic design and straightforward operation and maintenance. The machine features rollers for easy mobility, and as the vegetables move along the conveyor belt at a set speed, sprinklers spray water to clean them effectively.

Washing is typically the first step in the fruit and vegetable production process. In small-scale operations, this is usually done in basins with recirculating water or with still water that is regularly replaced. The goal of washing is to remove dirt and contaminants from the produce before it enters the processing line, preventing potential contamination of the raw materials.
The washing should be done with clean water, as pure as possible, and if needed, the water can be made potable by adding 10 ml of a 10% sodium hypochlorite solution for every 100 liters of water. It’s also important to use tools that ensure thorough cleaning of the produce, leaving no dirt behind for the next stages of processing.
THE VEGETABLE WASHING MACHINE'S PRINCIPLE
A vegetable washing machine was designed and manufactured with the needs of micro, small, and medium-scale vegetable growers in mind. The machine focuses on high washing capacity and efficiency, with stainless steel components used to ensure the quality of the washed produce. A durable primary frame was incorporated to maintain the machine’s structural integrity.
To enhance safety and ease of use, protective coverings were added around the moving parts, while also prioritizing ergonomic design and straightforward operation and maintenance. The machine features rollers for easy mobility, and as the vegetables move along the conveyor belt at a set speed, sprinklers spray water to clean them effectively.

Freezing is among the oldest and most commonly used techniques for preserving food, as it effectively maintains taste, texture, and nutritional value better than other preservation methods. This process leverages the advantages of low temperatures, which inhibit microbial growth, slow down chemical reactions, and delay cellular metabolic activities.
ROLE OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS FOR FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES
Proper collection, handling, storage, and distribution of fruits and vegetables are crucial to ensuring they reach consumers in the best possible condition. Refrigeration plays a key role in maintaining freshness and extending the shelf life of these products. Companies involved in production, processing, and marketing that implement efficient commercial and industrial refrigeration systems benefit in several ways:
• Slowing down the ripening and aging of tissue cells.
• Preventing microbial growth.
• Reducing overall quantitative and qualitative losses.

Pre-cooling is an essential process in the post-harvest stage of perishable produce. It involves swiftly removing heat from freshly harvested fruits and vegetables, reducing quality loss and extending shelf life. The advantages of precooling are evident not only in the enhanced quality of the produce but also in the increased profitability for growers.
In addition to improving quality and shelf life, pre-cooling helps curb the growth of microorganisms. Lower temperatures effectively prevent the growth of both existing and potential microbes, aiding in the preservation of the produce.
Field heat, which refers to the temperature difference between the freshly harvested produce and its optimal storage temperature, highlights the importance of precooling. The method of precooling selected depends on the perishability of the produce and the refrigeration equipment available, emphasizing the need for a customized approach.
Many studies stress the importance of precooling for storing and transporting produce over long distances. In this context, the focus is not on whether to precool, but on how to choose and implement the most effective method. This underlines the critical role of precooling in maintaining the quality, shelf life, and marketability of harvested produce.
Precooling fruits and vegetables is a vital post-harvest procedure aimed at rapidly reducing the produce’s temperature to slow down metabolic processes and prolong freshness. The ideal precooling temperature varies based on the type and maturity of the produce but is typically lower than the surrounding temperature. Various methods such as hydro-cooling, vacuum cooling, and forced-air cooling can be used for precooling. Properly understanding and applying these techniques is key to preserving the quality and freshness of fruits and vegetables from the farm to the consumer.

Cold storage is a widely used method for handling perishable goods in bulk between production and marketing stages. It is essential for preserving the freshness and quality of perishable commodities by controlling temperature and humidity within the storage environment. Ensuring the temperature remains sufficiently low is crucial, as failing to do so can lead to chilling damage to the produce. Additionally, maintaining a relative humidity of 85-90 percent in the storage area is vital for most perishables, as lower humidity can negatively affect their quality.
Fruits and vegetables, if stored at ambient harvest temperatures, have a very short shelf life. Post-harvest cooling helps to quickly remove field heat, thus extending the storage duration. Proper cooling after harvest can:
• Reduce respiration and enzymatic degradation;
• Minimize water loss and prevent wilting;
• Slow or stop the growth of microorganisms that cause decay;
• Lower the production of ethylene, the natural ripening agent.

Environmental factors play a crucial role in determining the quality and shelf-life of fruit during storage. Storage facilities are designed to hold fruit after harvest and before it reaches retail locations, while ripening rooms, often part of these facilities, focus on ripening unripe fruit. Although their processes differ, both storage and ripening facilities aim to control environmental conditions that influence fruit ripening and longevity.
Key factors affecting fruit ripening include temperature, relative humidity, ethylene (C2H4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2). These levels vary based on the type of fruit and whether the goal is to store or ripen it. Fruit continues to respire and transpire after being harvested, altering its environment through its physiological changes.
The three primary ways fruit affects its surroundings are:
• Respiration: Fruit consumes oxygen to break down sugars and produce heat, water, and carbon dioxide. Lowering the temperature during storage reduces respiration, ripening, and aging. CO2 and O2 levels also impact the rate of respiration.
• Transpiration: When there is a difference in water vapor pressure between the fruit and the surrounding air, the fruit loses water. This can lead to shriveling, spoilage of quality and flavor, and weight loss. Keeping relative humidity high during storage helps retain moisture and maintain fruit weight, which is important for maintaining its market value.

Cold chain logistics refers to the technology and processes that ensure the safe transportation of temperature-sensitive goods throughout the supply chain. It is deeply rooted in scientific principles, assessing the relationship between temperature and perishability to maintain product integrity.
Any item categorized as “perishable” typically requires cold chain management. This includes food products such as meat, seafood, and fresh produce, as well as medical supplies and pharmaceuticals.
Although, modern transportation is a relatively recent development, the  practice of moving temperature-sensitive products dates back to the late 1700s when the British used ice to preserve fish. By the late 1800s, ice was widely used to transport perishables. Dairy products were shipped from rural areas to urban markets. Cold chain technology has long been a crucial component of global trade and will continue to play a vital role in the future.
COLD CHAIN LOGISTICS
A cold chain is a specialized supply chain designed for handling perishable and temperature-sensitive goods, commonly referred to as cool cargo. These include fresh produce, meat, dairy, seafood, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, flowers, wine, and other delicate products. To preserve the quality and integrity of these perishable items, specific lowtemperature conditions must be maintained throughout the supply chain. Certain products require refrigeration; others must be kept frozen, while some demand extreme conditions—often referred to as an ultralow chain or deep freeze. Any failure to maintain the appropriate temperature can result in product spoilage, compromising safety and quality, and ultimately leading to significant financial losses.

Cooling systems play a vital role in cold chain logistics, serving as essential components that regulate temperature for storage, processing, and transportation. An efficient cooling system ensures that food and other perishable products remain fresh for extended periods, even before they begin their journey. Various cold chain products require specific temperature settings to maintain their quality and integrity until they reach their final destination.
For instance, tropical fruits such as bananas and pineapples must be stored at a consistent temperature between 12°C and 14°C. If the temperature exceeds this range, the fruits may ripen prematurely, compromising their quality. Likewise, food items like milk, vegetables, and other perishable fruits should be cooled within the range of 2°C to 4°C. This temperature effectively eliminates harmful pathogens and prevents bacterial growth, preserving the freshness of the produce.
For businesses dealing with frozen food, seafood, or ice cream, a more advanced cooling system is necessary—one that can maintain temperatures as low as -30°C. Such systems are essential to prevent thawing and spoilage, ensuring that frozen goods remain in optimal condition throughout their transportation and storage.

Supply chain management (SCM) is essential for the food industry because it involves the coordination and management of various activities from food procurement to consumption. The food supply chain is complex and involves many stages, from the production of raw materials to packaging, distribution and sales. Therefore, effective food supply chain management is essential to ensure that food products are delivered to consumers efficiently, cost-effectively and with maximum food safety.
One of the biggest challenges in food chain management is food safety. Foodborne illness is a major concern and food manufacturers must implement strict quality control measures at every stage of the food supply chain. This includes testing and monitoring for pathogens, maintaining proper storage and transportation conditions, and ensuring that all equipment is cleaned and  disinfected to prevent contamination.
Another challenge is food waste. Food products have a limited shelf life and Managing inventory levels is essential to minimize waste and spoilage. Effective food supply chain management requires careful planning and coordination between suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and retailers to ensure that products are delivered to consumers before their expiration date.
Efficient management of logistics and transportation is another essential aspect of supply chain management. Food products often travel long distances before reaching consumers, and companies need to ensure that products are delivered to customers quickly and efficiently. This requires careful planning and coordination of transportation routes, scheduling, and delivery times to minimize delays and disruptions.

Supply chain logistics involves overseeing the flow of goods and services across the entire supply chain, from start to finish. It encompasses the sourcing, transportation, storage, and distribution of raw materials, manufacturing processes, and final products.
The scope of logistics covers the planning and execution of storing and moving goods between different points in the supply chain. It involves coordinating facilities, personnel, equipment, and other resources to ensure that products are transported as planned and have sufficient space at each point in the supply chain.
Key processes such as demand planning, transportation (including fleet management), inventory control, material handling, and order fulfillment all fall Munder the logistics umbrella. Supply chain logistics is the backbone of global trade, encompassing a wide-reaching network that includes transportation, warehousing, and inventory management systems. This vital aspect of business operations guarantees the efficient movement of products and services from manufacturers to end consumers, passing through various intermediaries along the way.
In today’s fast-paced and constantly changing business environment, understanding and optimizing supply chain logistics has become even more critical. Companies are under greater pressure to deliver products faster, more affordably, and with increased transparency.

1. Blast
Diagnostic Symptoms
• Pathogen attacks the crop at all stages of crop growth.
• Symptoms appear on leaves, nodes, rachis, and glumes. On the leaves, the lesions appear as small bluish green flecks, which enlarge under moist weather to form the characteristic spindle shaped spots with grey centre and dark brown margin (Leaf blast).
• Spots coalesce as the disease progresses and large areas of the leaves dry up and wither. Severely infected nursery and field appear as burnt.• Black lesions appear on nodes girdling them. The affected nodes may break up and all the plant parts above the infected nodes may die (nodal blast).
• During flower emergence, the fungus attacks the peduncle and the lesion turns to brownish-black which is referred to as rotten neck / neck rot / panicle blast (neck blast).
• In early neck infection, grain filling does not occur while in late infection, partial grainfilling occurs (Fig.1).