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The term dandruff includes several different conditions of the scalp. There is scaling in which the entire scalp may be covered with loose dry scales. When the hair is combed or brushed, or when the scalp is scratched, these scales fall like snow on the shoulders. Often there is itching, as well, and the scalp may be red from scratching.

What is at first thought to be dandruff may later prove to be some other conditions, such as. seborrhoeic dermatitis, or worse still psoriasis and even neurodermatitis.

Neurodermatitis : It is a chronic type of itching and inflammation of the skin. The itching area may be in some localized spot or it may extend over large areas of the body. The condition may even develop in infants. It may disappear after the age of two and return in the early teens of later. The condition is more often seen in those who suffer from fever, hives and asthma. True cause is not known for most of the people are allergic to many things. Many of them are tense and restless and are troubled with a dry skin. They are hypersensitive and are often given to itching, especially in the bend of elbow or behind the knee. The constant scratching leaves deep scratch marks and causes thickening and furrowing of the skin.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a popular subtropical evergreen fruit tree. The Litchi (lychee) is the most renowned of a group of edible fruits of the soap berry family, Sapindaceae. It is botanically designated Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Nephelium litchi Cambess) and widely known as litchi and regionally as lichi, lichee, laichi, leechee or lychee. Litchi is a tropical fruit tree native to southern China. It is also commonly found in Madagascar, India (Muzaffarpur), Bangladesh, Pakistan, southern Taiwan, northern Vietnam, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Southern Africa. Great source of Vitamin C and potassium, it also contains phosphorous, calcium, magnesium and protein. The fruit is liked by everybody because of its excellent quality, attractive red colour and characteristics pleasant flavor.

Varieties

The varieties grown under different states are as below.

Bihar: Shahi, Rose Scented, China, Kasba, Purbi, Early Bedana, Late Bedana

Uttar Pradesh: Rose Scented, Dehradun, Calcuttia

West Bengal: Bombay Green, Kalyani Selection

Punjab: Muzaffarpur, Dehradun, Seedless, Late Bedana

Individuals suffering from the more pronounced types of mental disorder are sometimes said to be insane, but the term insanity is a legal one, not a medical term. An insane person is one who cannot distinguish right from wrong or assume responsibilities for his own actions. In the case of a psychotic patient the whole personality is involved. And he is completely out of touch with real world around. Not so the neurotic patient. Only a small part of his personality is involved. Psychotic patients often require hospitalization; neurotic patients rarely do, unless they have some additional physical problem.

Another distinction between these two major groups is that his friends usually bring the psychotic patient to the doctor, while the neurotic comes of his own accord. He knows he is sick, and he usually wants help. Most often he is suffering from a nervous depression.

Eczema is a troublesome skin condition characterized by redness, cracking, oozing and scaling of the skin. Extremes of heat and cold and even emotional stress seem to play a part in this condition. The patient usually complains of itching and burning in the skin, especially at the night. Sores appear on various parts of the body, but most often on the hands, feet, ears and legs. Eczema may come on at any time of life and in either sex. The commoner manifestations are erythema changing to papule, vesicle, crust, scale and fissure, with serous exudation. In chronic cases, thick scales accumulate.

This is the effect of local irritation by chemical, thermal, actinic or mechanical agents in a hypersensitive individual, subject of an allergy or constitutional disabilities such as gout, chronic nephritis, rheumatism, local sepsis, dyspepsia, alcoholism, uterine disturbances also teething. In some cases heredity may be found.

Papules, vesicles and pustules with some degree of local oedema are found; exudation, crusting and scaling with inflammation of varying severity may be present. These tend to spread to the contiguous areas.

One or both cheeks of an infant or the ear, limbs or trunk are occasionally involved. In adults also similar papulo- vesicular eruptions appear. Sensations of burning, smarting, throbbing or itching are present, according to the acuteness of the process and severity of the inflammation.

ABSTRACT

An In vitro study was conducted to evaluate the fungicidal efficiency of four selected fungal antagonists against leaf spot pathogens of ivy gourd by dual culture method. The antagonists evaluated were Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger and Chaetomium globosum. The major leaf spot pathogens of ivy gourd used for the study were Cercospora cocciniae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Alternaria alternata, causing severe infection on the foliage. Among the four antagonists tested, T. viride and T. harzianum were found to be the most effective recording the highest AI value of 1500 against all the three pathogens followed by A. niger. C. globosum was least inhibitory on C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata, but was effective against C. cocciniae. A complete overgrowth of the antagonists on all these pathogens were observed in the case of T. viride, T. harzianum and A.niger. C. globosum showed aversion to the hyphal growth of C. gloeosporioides and A. alternata, whereas in C. cocciniae, a homogenous growth was observed.

The gall bladder is a small/pear shaped, muscular organ closely attached to the under surface of the liver. Its only function is to store and concentrate the bile between meals so there will be a plentiful supply when needed. Bile from the liver is a clear, golden colour when formed, but after being concentrated in the gall bladder it turns a deep green. This concentrating process sometimes results in the formation of stones in the gall bladder, particularly following pregnancy in commonly over weight women. Many people with gallstones seem to have no problem at all, especially if there is one large stone. But when a number of smaller stones are present in the gall bladder, the patient may feel sharp, cramp like pains all over the upper abdomen.

The predisposing causes are stagnation of bile, due to an excessive diet of starch and fat, constipation, obesity, pregnancy, tight lacing or other obstruction to the flow of bile.

The exciting causes are catarrhal and infective inflammation of the gall bladder, like sepsis, typhoid etc., and tumors. Old patients and women are most susceptible.

ABSTRACT

The antagonistic organisms are known to bring out action on the pathogen by various mechanisms. Based on in vitro screening of epiphytic microbes from cocoa pod surface against Phytophthora palmivora, the incitant of pod rot of cocoa, a promising isolate of Trichoderma viride and two isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were selected. The mechanisms of antagonistic action of these selected epiphytic antagonists against P. palmivora were studied in comparison with the standard cultures of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens. The selected epiphytic fungal antagonist T. viride and standard culture of T. harzianum were found to be efficient parasites of P. palmivora. The hyphae of the pathogen were seen tightly held by coiling with hyphae of the fungal antagonists. The hyphae of the antagonists penetrated the host hyphae at several points and grew to its inner cavity. The fungal antagonists also caused disintegration of the pathogen hyphae, besides free intermingling, which resulted in malformation of host hyphae. The ability of the two epiphytic P. fluorescens isolates and standard culture of P. fluorescens in producing HCN and siderophores was assessed. It was found that these isolates produced HCN and siderophores in appreciable levels thereby suppressing the P. palmivora. Though, more than one mechanism may operate in suppressing the pathogen, the relative importance of a particular mechanism may vary with different conditions, which needed to be further investigated.

Gastric Ulcer a well defined ulcer involving the mucous membrane of the stomach with a tendency to progressive destruction, beginning in the mucosa and sometimes extending to and even through the deeper layers of the walls of the stomach.

We have not been able to name a definite cause. "Altered composition of the blood and the resulting insufficient nourishment of the cells'⁷. Riegel says the ulcer is due "to a self-digestion of the stomach at the limited spot." He calls attention to the fact that the gastric juice is always hyperacid in these cases and thinks it is more than a mere coincidence. Virchow says the cause is emboli or thrombi, which form in the nutrient gastric arteries, which have lost their tonicity. He claims that an ulcer forms at the point of obstruction.

Gastric ulcers occur most frequently between twenty and thirty years of age. This is an average, which we arrive at from the fact that in females it is from fifteen to thirty and in males from forty to forty-five. The predominance of women over men as shown by clinical statistics is two to one, but pathologically the numbers are about equal in two sexes.

No occupation seems to grant exemption. Cooks seems to be more predisposed. Next come metal workers in those factories where there is much dust. Some claim that shoemakers and tailors are also prone to the condition.

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach, sometimes accompanied by more or less severe constitutional manifestations.

The papaya (Carica papaya L.) belongs to the family Caricaceae. It is an important fruit of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. It is the most important plant in the home gardens, and where green papaya is also used as a vegetable. Ripe fruits are eaten as dessert, which is available throughout the year.

Papaya is native to West Indies and Central America (Mexico). It is a common fruit in nearly all parts of tropical and sub-tropical world. It is abundantly grown in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Hawaii, Kenya, Taiwan, Puerto Rica, Peru, USA, Philippines. It was introduced in India in 16^th Century. In India it is mainly cultivated in Kerala, Assam, Bihar Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.

Cultivars: Honey Dew, Coorg Honey Dew, Washingtan, Pusa Delicious, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Dwarf, Pusa Giant, Co. 1 to Co. 7, Arka Surya, Arka Prabhat, Pusa Nanha, Pink Flesh Sweet, Pant 1, Sunrise Solo and Taiwan Red Lady, are the most popular varieties under cultivation in India.

Biofertilizers improve the plant growth due to changes in the microbial community of rhizosphere by production of several substances. Normally, biofertilizers promote plant growth either by facilitating nutrient absorption or by secretion of plant hormones. Biofertilizers also cause inhibitory effects by acting as biocontrol agents on various pathogens so that the growth of plant is enhanced. The mode of action could be either direct or indirect methods

Headache is the most common of all nervous complaints. The causes are varied and so also its mode of onset, duration, intensity and other conditions associated with it.

Structures of the head, which are sensitive to pain, are:

Cholesterol is present in the diet of all people, and it can be absorbed slowly from the gastrointestinal tract into the intestinal lymph. It is highly fat soluble but only slightly soluble in water and is capable of forming esters with fatty acids.

The peach tree (Prunus persica L.) is a species of Prunus native to China that bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach. It is a deciduous tree growing to 4–10 m (13–33 ft) tall, belonging to the subfamily Prunoideae of the family Rosaceae. It is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus within the genus Prunus, distinguished from the other sub genera by the corrugated seed shell. Among the temperate fruit’s peaches require relatively less chilling temperature. Now peach is a commercial crop in Argentina, Austria, Canada, Chile, Europe, USA, China, India and Japan. In India, it grown in hills of Uttar Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.

Cultivars/Varieties: Sun Red, Red, Nectarine, Kateroo, Flordasun, Florda gold, Sharbati, Maygold, Kanto-5, Stark Early Flame, Summerset, Early White Giant, Redglobe, Alexander, First Gold, Early Gold and Sweet Gold.

Uses

Peachs are grown both for dessert and processing purposes. It is also used for making wine. Peach fruit juice is a common drink. Peach kernel has high protein and its oil is used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. The cake after extraction of oil can be used for various purposes. Peach flowers and leaves are anthelmintic and purgative.

Many thousands of people today are heavy smokers, not by choice, but because they have found no way of escape. They are caught in the grip of a habit developed during their teen-age years when so many young people think it is 'smart' to smoke.

The strange thing is that most of these people never wanted to smoke in the first place. There was only doing what they thought everyone else was doing at the time. Yet there is another odd thing. Smoking in not a normal habit. A person has to learn to smoke.

Smoking is by and large, an acquired habit. People start smoking because they think it is fashionable to do so or because their friends and companions are able to persuade them to start smoking. Some smokers feel that they look more attractive to the opposite sex when they are smoking. Others hold that a social gathering becomes more intimate if people are smoking. In reality all this is a product of smokers imagination. Because he wants to justify his habit, he invents enough reasons for it.

The word ‘horticulture’ was first conceived by Peter Laurinburg. In an English language, the word horticulture used for the first time in 1678 in a book entitled “New World of Words” by Phillips. The term HORTICULTURE is resultant of two Latin words i.e. HORTUS meaning GARDEN and CULTURA meaning CULTIVATION.

The Latin term ‘Garden’ meaning to enclose. In past, the garden had protection with with walls or other similar structures. Such protected places were used to grow fruits, vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants. When fruits are grown in a definite area, that area is called as an ‘orchard’. Thus, horticulture refers to cultivation of garden plants in protected enclosures. It is an aesthetic science deals with the garden crops. Such as growing of vegetable crops in vegetable gardens; fruit crops in fruit gardens. The most distinguished character between horticulture and agriculture is that horticulture deals with small scale gardening and usually in enclosed gardens although this is not a necessity, while agriculture is done on large scale with extensive crop cultivation.

The pear or naspati (Pyrus spp) is a popular temperature fruit next to apples. It ranks high among sub-acid fruits as it contains less acid than almost any other fruit. Pear belongs to the genus Pyrus under the family Rosaceae and sub- family Pomoideae. The European pear (Pyrus communis) with a persistent calyx, fleshy pedicels and pyriform shape is different from Pyrus pyrifolia or Pyrus serotina (Asiatic pears) and are non-fleshy pedicels with apple shape.

It has been used as a food from time immemorial. The pear is a wholesome fruit and at par in importance with the apple. The flesh of the pear is, however, slightly harder than the apple, but it is juicier than the apple. Like the apple, it has few seeds. It grows on a comparatively large tree. It has generally yellow and brown colour. Sometimes, there is also a tint of red. It has several several varieties across the world.

It originated in mountainous reach of western China. The major pear producing countries are Italy, USA, Japan, Spain, France, Germany, Turkey and Australia. In India, it is mainly grown in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and hills of Uttar Pradesh.

Cultivars: In India, Bartlett is widely grown in Kashmir. Kieffer, a cross between Pyrus communis and Pyrus pyrifolia, is popular in South India. In Punjab, the popular varieties ar Patharnakh, Le Conte, Smith and Kieffer.

It is a contagious, infectious disease. It is of short duration usually sporadic, characterized by malaise, headache, severe pain in the body and catarrh of the respiratory passage.

Metrological conditions are predisposing causes. The bacillus of Pfeiffer is generally acknowledged to be the exciting cause. The bacilli enter the system through respiratory organs.

The disease is highly infectious. Incubation period is 1 or 2 days and one attack does not give any immunity, rather increases the susceptibility.

There is much discrepancy and disagreement among over authorities on the question. In a case of simple uncomplicated flu, but find no characteristic anatomical lesions other than congestion and catarrhal secretions of the mucous membranes of the respiratory and alimentary systems. Death is usually caused by some complication and post-mortems show all the changes found in the complicating diseases.

ABSTRACT

In Kerala, apart from cultivated sesame species (Sesamum indicum L.) three wild species were identified viz. Sesamum malabaricum, Sesamum mulayanum and Sesamum radiatum. An investigation was carried out to determine the intensity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization in cultivated and wild species of sesame. The percentage of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal infection in roots of different sesame species were found to be variable. The highest percentage of root colonization of arbuscular mycorrhial fungi was found in wild species S. malabaricum, which promotes tolerance to the plant under drought stress conditions.

Inability to go to sleep or to get sleep for a period insufficient for the needs of an individual is known as insomnia. Chronic inability to sleep.

None of us can do without sleep. An infant sleeps 14 to 18 hours a day. This period is slowly reduced. An adult may be happy with 7 to 8 hours of sleep every night. There are people who require 5 hours or even 4 hours of sleep in 24 hours.

Sleep has a definite purpose and that is why all mammals sleep. Lack of sleep apparently does not cause any physical harm. But anyone who gets less than his normal sleep experiences a decrease of efficiency and concentration.