eChapters

Preserve (Murabba) is made by cooking the fruit either whole or in slices/ pieces in sugar syrup of heavy concentration (65-70oBrix). Usually for 1 kg fruit around 1.75 kg sugar is used and the cooking is continued till the TSS reaches 68oB. Fruits like petha (ash gourd), aonla, bael, apple, pear, karonda, pineapple and papaya etc., are used for making preserve/murabba.
Candies are also prepared similarly but the TSS is maintained up to 75-80%. For candy preparation, the fruit pieces are dipped initially in 55-60% sugar solution and the TSS of the syrup is increased by 5% everyday up to 4-5 days and then the fruit slices are drained free of syrup and dried in driers. Fruits like aonla, karonda, cherry, apple, ginger peels of orange, lemon, and grapefruit etc., and petha (ash gourd), are used for candy preparation.
Selection and preparation of fruits: Wash the fruits in water to remove dirt and residues. Peel, core and cut the fruits into pieces. Pricking should be done with stainless steel forks. In case of petha (ash gourd), after pricking place them in lime water

When fruit trees grow naturally; canopy varies greatly from species to species and cultivar to cultivar. It is mainly due to climate, planting density, rootstock, method of propagation, training, pruning, regularity of bearing, soil type, nutrition, irrigation, intercrop, growth regulators used, diseases, pests, environmental pollution etc. Plant canopy means the spread of branches and foliage of a plant.

Canopy management of the fruit tree deals with the development and maintenance of their structure in relation to the size and shape for the maximum productivity and quality. The basic concept in canopy management of a perennial tree is to make the best use of the land and climatic factors for an increased productivity in a three dimensional approach. Ideal canopy means fruit trees should have adequate number of fruiting units, it allows sufficient light and ventilation in to canopy and it should support adequate foliage and protect the fruits from sunburn. It should avoid overlapping of foliage to minimize parasitic leaves. It offers scope for effective coverage of sprays. It should avoid the buildup of microclimate, congenial for pest and diseases development. Tree vigour, light, temperature and humidity play a vital role in the production and quality of the fruits.

55.1. Aim

To determine dietary fibres in given samples.

55.2. Theory

Fibres can be classified into four categories like crude fibre (cellulose); acid detergent fibre (cellulose + lignin); neutral detergent fibre (cellulose + lignin + hemicelluloses) and total dietary fibre.

55.3. Procedure for estimation of dietary fibre

55.3.1. Acid detergent fibre (ADF)

Reagents: Cetyl tri-methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) reagent and Acetone

Apparatus: Digestion apparatus vacuum pump, oven, desiccator and sintered glass crucible.

Tomato, apple, plum, mushroom, etc., are used successfully for the preparation of sauces. Sauces are of two kinds 1) thin sauces consisting of vinegar extracts of flavoring material like herbs or spices and 2) thick sauces which are highly viscous.
Sauces are prepared by maceration of spices, herbs, fruits, and vegetables in cold vinegar or by boiling. Thickening agents like pectin, carboxymethylcellulose,n etc., are also added to sauces to prevent the sedimentation of solid particles. The sauce is generally cooked to such a consistency that it can be freely poured without fruit tissues.
Procedure
Tomato fruits are washed, cut into pieces, and heated/boiled for about 10 minutes in their own juice in SS pan to soften the tissue. The heated fruit mass is passed through a pulper to separate skin and seeds. Half of the sugar and spices are placed in a muslin cloth bag which is then immersed in the pulp during cooking. Cooking is continued till the pulp is reduced to half of the original volume.

Drying and dehydration are interrelated terms. Drying generally refers to the method of removal of moisture from the food under natural conditions such as sunlight and wind for example open sun drying, shade drying etc. Whereas, dehydration refers to a process of removal of moisture by application of artificial heat under controlled conditions of temperature and airflow. In this case single layer of fruit and vegetables, either whole or sliced after primary pretreatments is spread on trays which are placed inside the dehydrator or in the open sun for drying. In the dehydrator, the initial temperature is generally kept at 43oC which is then gradually increased to 66-71oC for fruits and 60- 66oC for vegetables. Dried grapes (raisins and monucca), apricots, dates, apple rings/cubes, Morchella (Guchhi), bael, aonla, fig, green peas, cauliflower, cabbage, onion, garlic etc are commercial products prepared by using drying.
Procedure for drying: Drying generally involves three stages: pre-drying treatments or pre-treatments, drying of commodity and post-drying operations such as handling, packaging and storage. The flow sheet for drying of fruit and vegetables is shown in Figure 1 and details of pretreatments for drying fruits and vegetables are shown in Table 1&2 respectively.

1. Introduction

Gloriosa superba L. (Liliaceae) is a striking tuberous climbing plant with brilliant wavy-edged yellow and red petaled flowers. Glory lilies are grown commercially for a chemical compound, colchicine. The annual foreign exchange through the export of glory lily seeds is estimated to be Rs.100 crores (Alice and Sundravadana, 2012). It is used as anthemirtic, alexiteric and useful in ulcers, piles, abdominal pains and itching. It has abortifacient, anti-pyretic, anti-inflammatory and anti-leprotic properties (Gupta et al., 2005). Leaf blight disease was first noticed in  G.. Superba in West Bengal, India in 2004. The leaf blight disease was observed during June to September. Early symptoms appeared as small, circular to oval, light brownish spots, 2-6 per leaf, scattered at the tip, margin and midrib of the leaves. Subsequently the spots enlarged and usually developed into concentric rings. At an advanced stage, the spots became dark brown to blackish in colour, gradually coalesced and became irregular in shape, then the affected leaf blighted completely. The causal organism was found to be a fungus namely Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. The pathogen is greatly influenced by weather with the highest disease incidence reported in wet seasons and in areas with relatively high rainfall (Meena et al., 2010). The growth of A. alternata was maximum in pH range of 6-6.5 and temperature range of 25-30°C (Hubballi et al., 2010).

Synthetic seeds are also known as somatic seeds, artificial seeds, clonal seeds and synseeds. They are analogue for botanical seeds. Somatic embryoids which are tissue culture produced embyoids with bipolar structures, apical and basal meristematic regions which are capable of forming shoot and root respectively. Somatic embryoids are encapsulated and are used as artificial seeds possessing the ability to convert into plants in in vitro and ex vitro conditions. Artificial seeds are broadly two types.

1. Agriculture universities in India

A. State agriculture universities in India

1. Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, Hyderabad, Telangana
2. Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
3. Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam
4. Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar
5. Bihar Animal SciencesUniversity, Patna, Bihar

Deterioration of Crop varieties in their genetic endowments/qualities has been explained by Kadam (1942). Publication on maintenance and management of breeder seed production (Laverack 1991), and maintennce of self pollinated crop varieies (De Hanns 1953; Parlevliet 2007) explain in detail various aspects in maintenance of the seed quality.

A. Research journal

1. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Science (Quarterly)-Society of Haryana, Department of Vegetable Crops, CCS, HAU, Hisar (Haryana).
2. Hort. Science (Annualy)-American Society for Horticultural Sciences 600, Camerun Street, Alexandria, USA
3. Horticulture Research (Half yearly)-ScottishAcademic Press, 25, Perth Street, Edinburgh.
4. Indian Journal of Horticulture (Quarterly)-Horticulture Society of India, Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology, IARI, Pusa, (New Delhi).
5. Journal of Applied Horticulture (Half yearly)-Managing Editor, Journal of Applied Horticulture, A-859, Indiranagar, Lucknow (UP).
6. Progressive Horticulture (Quarterly)- Hill Horticulture Development Board, Horticultural Experiment and Training Centre, Chaubattia, Ranikhet, (Uttarakhand).
7. Scientia Horticulture (Annualy)-Elsevier Science P.O. Box 945, New York,

The plants wilt at the time of grain fi lling stage. A light brown water soaked area is seen at the stem base. Sclerotia can be seen on the outer region of stalk when the plants get older. White mycelial growth with large sclerotial bodies is seen over the stem pith. The stem often breaks down at the point of infection.

Plastic has now become an integral part of horticultural production at various stages from nursery to marketing at consumers’ door during the last two decades. It is used at each and every stage of horticultural life cycle right from seeds packaging, nursery seedling raising, planting, propagation, mulching, irrigation, harvesting, fruit packing, preservation and marketing. The application of plastics in the agriculture sector is popularly known as Plasticulture.In 1948 Professor E.M. Emmert built the first plastic greenhouse, a wooden structure covered with cellulose acetate film. He later switched this to a more effective polyethylene film. After the introduction of plastic film to agriculture, it began being used at a larger scale around the world by the early 1950s to replace paper for mulching vegetables. By 1999 almost 30 million acres worldwide were covered in plastic mulch.

Purpose- Burnt porous clay or cement or plastic pots are commonly used for various purposes in horticulture. The pots are used in propagation or plants, cultivation of ornamental plants and flowering annuals. Growing of plants in pots in referred as pot-culture. In pot-culture, operations such as potting, shifting and filling of pots are very important. Potting refers to planting of plants in pots containing soil mixture, while shifting means removal of plants from pots and planting them again in the same or different pot. Plants growing for more than one year in the same pot need shifting. The time for potting and shifting of plants is monsoon season (July to Sept.) and during spring (Feb-March).

Materials and Equipments-Flower pots, crocks (broken pieces of pots), potting mixture, khurpi and watering can (with fine nozzle).

Purpose-There are several planting plans or systems which can be adopted for planting orchard. The following points need to be considered before choosing any system of planting.

1. It should accommodate maximum number of plants per unit area.
2. It should allow sufficient space for the development of each tree.
3. Orchard operation such as ploughing, dusting are easy to perform.

In order to provide for the establishment of an effective system for protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders and to encourage the development of new varieties of plants it has been considered necessary to recognize and protect the rights of the farmers in respect of their contribution made at any time in conserving, improving and making available plant genetic resources for the development of the new plant varieties. Moreover to accelerate agricultural development, it is necessary to protect plants breeders’ rights to stimulate investment for research and development for the development of new plant varieties.

Problem-Prepare of a layout plan of orchard for 10 ha. area which is situated on the highway. The dimension of the orchard is 3:2. Calculate the areas under each crop which will you grow and also write their suitable variety along with their suitable diagram. Also fulfill the following information about orchard

Bhendi is known by many local names in different parts of the World. For example it is called Lady’s finger in England, Gumbo in USA, bhendi in India Okra (Abelmochus esculentus L. 2n= 1 30) belongs to the family Malvaceae. Origin of okra is West Africa. Okra plant is an erect, herbaceous annual, 1-2 meter tall and forms fairly heavy tap root.

Wilt appears in the fi eld as patches is both seedling stage and developed plants. Symptoms include drooping and wilting of uppermost leaves. Plants become completely yellow and die. Plants are affected during the pod fi lling stages, seeds are often shrivelled. There will be rotting at the basal portion of the plant. Discoloration of vascular bundle are noticed when the stem is spitted
open.

Botanical description

Cowpea belong to genus Vigna and species unguiculata (L) Walp (Syn V. sinensis Savi) of the family Leguminosae sub family Fabacae.

Floral biology

The flowers of cowpea are hermaphrodite. Self-pollination is effected though with some cross-pollination.

Climate and Soil

Cowpea is a warm season crop, and therefore it can be grown both in spring and in rainy seasons in the plains of India. It cannot tolerate cold weather, heavy rainfall and water logging.

Air pollution is the major environmental problem due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. It has led to continuous deterioration of air quality in both developed and developing countries.

Air pollution is characterized by high concentrations of suspended particulate matter, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. Air pollution has long term effects on fruit trees; when exposed to higher orabnormal levels of various air pollutants. The injury symptoms range from visible marks on foliage, reduced growth and yield to premature death of the plant. The development and severity of injury depends not only on the concentration of the particular pollutant, but also on a number of other supporting factors. These include the duration of exposure to the pollutant, the plant species and development stage as well as conducive environmental factors.

Air pollution problems: Air pollutants are injurious to vegetation can generally be classified as either local or widespread.