ICAR ARS 2024-2025 (PRE.ONLY) (ICAR ARS 19 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 2024)

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Eligibility

Master’s degree in Veterinary/ Animal Sciences with specialization in Animal Physiology. 

Exam Pattern

"Two separate competitive written  examinations (Computer Based Test + Written) followed by Viva-voce shall be conducted as per the following plan of examinations:-
Examination               Max. Marks  Duration
Preliminary-ARS         150              2 hours (Objective Type)
ARS – Main                   240             3 hours  (Descriptive Type)
Viva-voce                        60               1/3 marks will be deducted for each wrong answer in ARS-2021 (Preliminary)
Examination (Objective Type). There will be no rounding off of fractions of marks. This is a qualifying examination and marks scored will not be counted for final selection.             ARS-2021 (Mains) Examination Paper will have only one paper of 240 marks in the respective disciplines, to be attempted in 3 hours duration. The paper shall be divided in three parts A, B and C. Part ‘A’ will consist of 40 (forty) questions of 2 (two) marks each. In this 30 part, answers required will be of very short, not exceeding 10 (Ten) words at the most. Part ‘B’ will have 20 (twenty) questions of 5 (five) marks each requiring one or two paragraphs and/or graphic explanation. Part ‘C’ will have 6 (six) essay type or descriptive type questions. Each question will carry 10 (ten) marks and may have two or more parts. Answers are required to be written in the space provided below the question. In no case extra sheets will be provided. All questions in parts ‘A’ ‘B’ and ‘C’ will be compulsory. 

Syllabus

Unit 1: Cellular Basis of Animal Physiology

Animal cell ultra-structure, composition and functions. Physio-chemical laws and membrance phenomena. Body fluid and its dynamics. Transport through biological me nb rance.

Unit 2: Blood and Circulation

Composition of blood, structure & functioning of its constitutes Blood coagulation and anti coagulants. Hemoglobin and its polymorphism. Anaemias. Sreticule- endothelial System. Body defense mechanism and immunogenesis. Electrophysiology of heart. Electro-cardiography - Principles and interpretation. Hemodynamics and concerned biophysical principals. Capillary fluid exchange and lymphatic circulation. Neural and humoral control of heart and blood vessels. Cardiac Output and vascular reflexes. Autoregulation mechanism in the heart Regional circulation - coronary, pulmonary, cerebral, muscle, kidney and skin, blood brain barrier. Circulatiory shock and hypertension and cardiac failure.

Unit 3: Respiration

Mechanics of respiration. Neural and chemical control of respiration. Gaseous transport and exchange. Hypoxia. Physiology of hypo-barrism and high altitude. Work and exercise physiology. Respiration in birds.

Unit 4: Excretion

Modern concepts of urine formation. Control of renal circula ion. Secretion and absorption in renal tubules. Regulation of acid-base balance by olood buffers, lungs and kidneys. Hormonal and renal regulation of body fluids and electrolyte balance. Physiology of micturition. Uremia and other renal disorders. Renal functions in birds.

Unit 5: Digestion

Control of motility and secretion of alimentary canal. Gastric hormones and reflexes in the control of digestive functions. Control of rumen motility. Digestion in ruminant and monogastric animals. Absorption from rumen and the digestive tract. Manipulation of rumen microflora to enhance fibre digestion ai d microbial protein synthesis. Nitrogen recycling and rumen bypass mechanisms. Port-ruminal digestion. Physiology of rumen disorders. Avian digestion (different features).

Unit 6: Muscle Physiology

Muscle types and their intra-cellular contractile mechanisms. Electrophysiology of muscles. Neuromuscular junction. Excitation contraction coupling, its biochemical and ionic mechanisms. Molecular basis of muscle contraction. Rigor mortis.

Unit 7: Nervous System

General organization of nervous system. Neurone structure and fuction. Excitability and transmission of impulse in neuron and muscle. Junctional transmission. Neuro¬transmitters. Reflex action. Initiation of impulses from sense organ / receptors. Functions of spinal cord, brain stem and cerebellum. Limbic system and cerebral cortex. Hypothalamus and its autonomic functions in endocrine and visceral regulation. Ascending and descending tracts. Cerebral cortex, its role in motor and sensory functions. Physiology of learning and memory. Physiology of pain. Special senses (hearing, vision, taste, smell etc.).

Unit 8: Endocrinology

Hormones. Hormone receptors. Mechanism of hormone action at cellular and sub - cellular levels. Feedback control of hormone secretion. Hypothalamic - hypophyseal axis. It should include (i) Hypothalamic - hypophyseal axiz controlling secretions from thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and gonals, (ii) Endocrine control of general metalbolism. Releasing and inhibiting factors. Pineal gland and its hormones. Hormones of hypophysio and all other endocrine glands. Mechanisms of different hormone actions. Endocrine disorders.

Unit 9: Reproduction

Gonadal hormones and their functions in male and female. Neuro-endocrine-gonadal axis and feedback regulation. Male spermatogenesis. Accessory sex glands. Sexual behaviour erection, ejaculation etc. Semen evaluation. Factors affecting reproduction. Artificial insemination - collection, preservation and transport and semen diluents. Freezing of semen. Oogenesis. Follicular development. Ovulation. Corpus lutetium. Reproductive cycles in animals. Factors affecting reproductive cycles. Female reproductive hormones. Oestrous synchronization, super ovulation. Sperm capacitation and acrosomal reaction. Sperm and ovum transport in female genital tract. Fertilization. Implantation. Maternal recognition of pregnancy, Maintenance of pregnancy and its hormonal control. Physiology of placenta. Physiology of parturition and its hormonal control. Embryo transfer - collection, preservastion, transport and transfer of embryos. Oocytculture. In vitro fertilization. Mammary gland growth before puberty, during pregnancy and after parturition and its hormonal control. Lactation- Hormonal control of lactation and milk let-down. Maintenance and cessation of lactation. Mammary gland involution. Milk precursors and synthesis of milk constituents. Methods of studying mammary uptake of nutrients, Ultrastructure of lactating mammary gland. Milk composition in different animals. Avian reproduction- ovulation, egg formation, oviposition and their hormonal control. Spermatogenesis and semen composition.

Unit 10: Physiology of Growth

Concept and definition. Growth regulation and factors affection prenatal and post¬natal growth. Role of growth in production. Growth curve and growth measurement, body confirmation and evaluation of carcess quality.

Unit 11: Climate Physiology

Physiology' of climate stress. Effects of stress on production and reproduction. Neural and hormonal regulation of body temperature in homeotherms. Machanism of adaptation. Photoperiodicity and biological rhythms. Design of shelters / animal houses for different class of livestock for different climate conditions.

Unit 12: Behavioral Physiology

Different types of behaviour in animals like feeding, grazing, drinking and thermoregulatory behaviour, neuro-endocrine. control of behaviour in livestock.

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