ICAR ARS 2024-2025 (PRE.ONLY) (ICAR ARS 16 ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024)

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Eligibility

Master’s degree in Veterinary/ Animal/ Fisheries Science with specialization in Biotechnology

Exam Pattern

Two separate competitive written examinations (Computer Based Test + Written) followed by Viva-voce shall be conducted as per the following plan of examinations:-
Examination               Max. Marks    Duration
Preliminary-ARS         150                  2 hours (Objective Type)
ARS – Main                 240                 3 hours  (Descriptive Type)
Viva-voce                   60              1/3 marks will be deducted for each wrong answer in ARS-2021 (Preliminary)

Examination (Objective Type). There will be no rounding off of fractions of marks. This is a qualifying examination and marks scored will not be counted for final selection. ARS-2021 (Mains) Examination Paper will have only one paper of 240 marks in therespective disciplines, to be attempted in 3 hours duration. The paper shall be divided in three parts A, B and C. Part ‘A’ will consist of 40 (forty) questions of 2 (two) marks each. In this 30 part, answers required will be of very short, not exceeding 10 (Ten) words at the most. Part ‘B’ will have 20 (twenty) questions of 5 (five) marks each requiring one or two paragraphs and/or graphic explanation. Part ‘C’ will have 6 (six) essay type or descriptive type questions. Each question will carry 10 (ten) marks and may have two or more parts. Answers are required to be written in the space provided below the question. In no case extra sheets will be provided. All questions in parts ‘A’ ‘B’ and ‘C’ will be compulsory.

Syllabus

Unit 1: Cell Biology

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell architecture. Molecular organization and functions of cell membrane. Organisation and functions of the cytoplasm, cell organelles, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus, nucleolus and subnuclear structures. Protein secretion and targeting. Intracellular digestion. Oxidative phosphorylation. Cell division, cell cycle, Cell growth and differentiation. Control of cell proliferation and self regulation. Cell motility. Cell trafficking and signaling. Apoptosis and molecular pathways.

Unit 2: Molecular Biology

Structure and chemical composition of nucleic acids. DNA replication in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Genome organization. Structure and functions of DNA polymerases. Molecular mechanisms of DNA repair. Synthesis and processing of different types of RNA. RNA polymerases. Protein biosynthesis.
Genetics of mitochondria and plasmids. Transposons and intervening sequences. Minisatellites and microsatellites. Molecular mechanism of spontaneous and induced mutations. Recombination in bacteria, viruses and fungi. Molecular mechanism of genetic recombination, transduction, transformation and conjugation.

Unit 3: Gene Structure and Regulation of Gene Expression

Organisation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome. Repeated and non-repeated DNA sequences. Structure and function of gene.
Expression of genetic information, transcription - mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, transcription unit, regulatory sequences and enhancers, transcription factors, post- transcriptional modifications. DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions. Genetic code. Overlapping genes. Mechanism of translation and its control, post-translational modifications. Control of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene mining.

Unit 4: Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA Technology

Isolation and purification of DNA and RNA from prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Reverse transcription and cDNA synthesis. Restriction endonucleases, DNA and RNA modifying enzymes. Generation of DNA fragments, Cloning and expression vectors- plasmids, cosmids, phages, phagemid, shuttle vectors, BAG, YAC, MAC. Eukaryotic vectors-viral vectors (vaccinia, retro, adeno, baculo) and yeast expression system. Cloning and expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. DNA libraries (genomic and cDNA). Screening and characterization of DNA clones. Transformation of bacterial cells. Transfection in animal cells.
In situ mutagenesis. Site directed mutagenesis. Antibody engineering. Production of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines using r-DNA technology. Nano-delivery system. Genetically modified animal/fish. Genetic manipulation of gut microbes. Single cell protein. Reverse genetics. RNA interference (RNAi, siRNA, peptide nucleic acid). Gene silencing. Genetically modified microbes for environment improvement, bioremediation, fermentation. Safety aspects and regulations associated with recombinant DNA technology. Ethical issues related to use of biotechnology products. Patenting and Intellectual Property Rights.

Unit 5: Cell culture and Hybridoma Technology

Development and applications of cell and organ culture techniques. Nutrient requirements for cells of animal and fish origin. Media for culturing cells. Growth supplements. Primary cultures and established cell lines. Stationary, roller and suspension culture techniques. Large-scale production of cells using bioreactors, microcarriers and perfusion techniques. Characterization and maintenance of cells, karyotyping, cryopreservation and revival. Detection of contaminants in cell cultures. Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays. Isolation and culture of lymphocytes. Micro-manipulation of cells. Cell fusion, somatic cell hybrids, sub-cloning of cells. Principles and methods of hybridoma technology. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies and their applications.

Unit 6: Reproductive Biotechnology and Related Techniques

Superovulation. Embryo collection and evaluation. Embryo splitting, sexing, transfer and their applications. Semen sexing. Cryopreservation of gamete and embryos. Synthetic hormones for induced breeding in fishes. Androgenesis, gynogenesis, triploidy and polyploidy in fishes.
In vitro artificial fertilization. Embryo cloning. Nuclear transplantation. Transgenic technology. Production of transgenic animals/fish and gene farming. Gene knockout techniques. Identification and transfer of genes influencing production and disease resistance. Stem cells and their applications in animal and fish health and production.

Unit 7: Molecular Biology Techniques

Quantitation of protein and nucleic acids. Gel electrophoretic techniques. Isolation of plasmids. Molecular cloning. Nucleic acid probes. GFP from jelly fish and its applications. Nucleic acid hybridization including in situ hybridization and FISH techniques. Autoradiography. Blotting techniques. Nucleic acid sequencing methods including next generation sequencing (NGS). Protein purification methods. RFLP, RAPD and AFLP. DNA fingerprinting. Single Nucleotide Poymorphism (SNP). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Real-time PCR. Microarray techniques. Biosensors. Bioinformatics in biotechnology (protein and nucleic acid data banks, sequence alignment, sequence editing, phylogenetic tree analysis using in silico tools).

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